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coinage metals

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coinage metals
coinage metals

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copper | silver | gold
copper | silver | gold

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| copper | silver | gold atomic symbol | Cu | Ag | Au atomic number | 29 | 47 | 79 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Kr]5s^14d^10 | [Xe]6s^14f^145d^10 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4d 5s | 5d 4f 6s block | d | d | d group | 11 | 11 | 11 period | 4 | 5 | 6 atomic mass | 63.546 u | 107.8682 u | 196.966569 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| copper | silver | gold atomic symbol | Cu | Ag | Au atomic number | 29 | 47 | 79 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Kr]5s^14d^10 | [Xe]6s^14f^145d^10 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4d 5s | 5d 4f 6s block | d | d | d group | 11 | 11 | 11 period | 4 | 5 | 6 atomic mass | 63.546 u | 107.8682 u | 196.966569 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| copper | silver | gold phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1084.62 °C | 961.78 °C | 1064.18 °C boiling point | 2562 °C | 2162 °C | 2856 °C molar heat of fusion | 13.1 kJ/mol | 11.3 kJ/mol | 12.5 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 300 kJ/mol | 255 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 235 J/(kg K) | 129.1 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| copper | silver | gold phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1084.62 °C | 961.78 °C | 1064.18 °C boiling point | 2562 °C | 2162 °C | 2856 °C molar heat of fusion | 13.1 kJ/mol | 11.3 kJ/mol | 12.5 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 300 kJ/mol | 255 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 235 J/(kg K) | 129.1 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| copper | silver | gold density | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 10.49 g/cm^3 | 19.3 g/cm^3 liquid density | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 9.32 g/cm^3 | 17.31 g/cm^3 molar volume | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 10.283 cm^3/mol | 10.2 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) Vickers hardness | 369 MPa | 251 MPa | 216 MPa Brinell hardness | 874 MPa | 24.5 MPa | 2450 MPa bulk modulus | 140 GPa | 100 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | 48 GPa | 30 GPa | 27 GPa Young's modulus | 130 GPa | 83 GPa | 78 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.44 ultimate tensile strength | | 140 MPa | 120 MPa sound speed | 3570 m/s | 2600 m/s | 1740 m/s thermal expansion | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.89×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.42×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 400 W/(m K) | 430 W/(m K) | 320 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| copper | silver | gold density | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 10.49 g/cm^3 | 19.3 g/cm^3 liquid density | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 9.32 g/cm^3 | 17.31 g/cm^3 molar volume | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 10.283 cm^3/mol | 10.2 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) Vickers hardness | 369 MPa | 251 MPa | 216 MPa Brinell hardness | 874 MPa | 24.5 MPa | 2450 MPa bulk modulus | 140 GPa | 100 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | 48 GPa | 30 GPa | 27 GPa Young's modulus | 130 GPa | 83 GPa | 78 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.44 ultimate tensile strength | | 140 MPa | 120 MPa sound speed | 3570 m/s | 2600 m/s | 1740 m/s thermal expansion | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.89×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.42×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 400 W/(m K) | 430 W/(m K) | 320 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| copper | silver | gold electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.6×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 2.2×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.2×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 4.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -9.63×10^-6 | -2.38×10^-5 | -3.44×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -2.27×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.78×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -2.45×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.51×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | (4.52 to 4.74) eV | (5.31 to 5.47) eV threshold frequency | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.093×10^15 to 1.146×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.284×10^15 to 1.323×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (copper) | (silver) | (gold)
| copper | silver | gold electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.6×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 2.2×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.2×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 4.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -9.63×10^-6 | -2.38×10^-5 | -3.44×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -2.27×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.78×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -2.45×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.51×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | (4.52 to 4.74) eV | (5.31 to 5.47) eV threshold frequency | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.093×10^15 to 1.146×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.284×10^15 to 1.323×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (copper) | (silver) | (gold)

Reactivity

| copper | silver | gold valence | 2 | 1 | 5 electronegativity | 1.9 | 1.93 | 2.54 electron affinity | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 125.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 222.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 731 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 890.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 731 kJ/mol | 2070 kJ/mol | 3361 kJ/mol | 890.1 kJ/mol | 1980 kJ/mol
| copper | silver | gold valence | 2 | 1 | 5 electronegativity | 1.9 | 1.93 | 2.54 electron affinity | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 125.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 222.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 731 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 890.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 731 kJ/mol | 2070 kJ/mol | 3361 kJ/mol | 890.1 kJ/mol | 1980 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| copper | silver | gold term symbol | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) atomic radius | 135 pm | 160 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 132 pm | 145 pm | 136 pm van der Waals radius | 140 pm | 172 pm | 166 pm (electronic ground state properties)
| copper | silver | gold term symbol | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) atomic radius | 135 pm | 160 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 132 pm | 145 pm | 136 pm van der Waals radius | 140 pm | 172 pm | 166 pm (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| copper | silver | gold universe abundance | 6×10^-6 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.011 mass% | 1.4×10^-5 mass% | 1.7×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.0068 mass% | 7.9×10^-6 mass% | 3.1×10^-7 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-8 mass% | 5×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | | 1×10^-5 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 7×10^-10 mol% | 4×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0031 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 5.7×10^-10 mol% | 1.6×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0022 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% | 3×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | | 3×10^-7 mol%
| copper | silver | gold universe abundance | 6×10^-6 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.011 mass% | 1.4×10^-5 mass% | 1.7×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.0068 mass% | 7.9×10^-6 mass% | 3.1×10^-7 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-8 mass% | 5×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | | 1×10^-5 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 7×10^-10 mol% | 4×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0031 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 5.7×10^-10 mol% | 1.6×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0022 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% | 3×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | | 3×10^-7 mol%

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