HCl + PbO = H2O + PbCl2

HCl hydrogen chloride + PbO lead monoxide ⟶ H_2O water + PbCl_2 lead(II) chloride

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HCl + c_2 PbO ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 PbCl_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, H, O and Pb: Cl: | c_1 = 2 c_4 H: | c_1 = 2 c_3 O: | c_2 = c_3 Pb: | c_2 = c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2

+ ⟶ +

hydrogen chloride + lead monoxide ⟶ water + lead(II) chloride

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 2 | -2 PbO | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HCl | 2 | -2 | ([HCl])^(-2) PbO | 1 | -1 | ([PbO])^(-1) H_2O | 1 | 1 | [H2O] PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 | [PbCl2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HCl])^(-2) ([PbO])^(-1) [H2O] [PbCl2] = ([H2O] [PbCl2])/(([HCl])^2 [PbO])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 HCl + PbO ⟶ H_2O + PbCl_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 2 | -2 PbO | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HCl | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) PbO | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[PbO])/(Δt) H_2O | 1 | 1 | (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) PbCl_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[PbCl2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = -(Δ[PbO])/(Δt) = (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[PbCl2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| hydrogen chloride | lead monoxide | water | lead(II) chloride formula | HCl | PbO | H_2O | PbCl_2 Hill formula | ClH | OPb | H_2O | Cl_2Pb name | hydrogen chloride | lead monoxide | water | lead(II) chloride IUPAC name | hydrogen chloride | | water | dichlorolead

| hydrogen chloride | lead monoxide | water | lead(II) chloride molar mass | 36.46 g/mol | 223.2 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 278.1 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | -114.17 °C | 886 °C | 0 °C | 501 °C boiling point | -85 °C | 1470 °C | 99.9839 °C | 950 °C density | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 9.5 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 5.85 g/cm^3 solubility in water | miscible | insoluble | | surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | dynamic viscosity | | 1.45×10^-4 Pa s (at 1000 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | | | odorless |