copper vs krypton vs germanium

copper (chemical element) | krypton (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| copper | krypton | germanium atomic symbol | Cu | Kr | Ge atomic number | 29 | 36 | 32 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^6 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s | 4p 3d 4s block | d | p | p group | 11 | 18 | 14 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 63.546 u | 83.798 u | 72.63 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| copper | krypton | germanium phase at STP | solid | gas | solid melting point | 1084.62 °C | -157.36 °C | 938.3 °C boiling point | 2562 °C | -153.22 °C | 2820 °C critical temperature | | 209.41 K | (unknown) critical pressure | | 5.5 MPa | (unknown) molar heat of fusion | 13.1 kJ/mol | 1.64 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 300 kJ/mol | 9.02 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 248.05 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) adiabatic index | | 5/3 | (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | krypton | germanium density | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 0.00375 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 liquid density | 8.02 g/cm^3 | | 5.6 g/cm^3 molar volume | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 22300 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | 369 MPa | | 8010 MPa Brinell hardness | 874 MPa | | 7270 MPa bulk modulus | 140 GPa | | (unknown) shear modulus | 48 GPa | | (unknown) Young's modulus | 130 GPa | | (unknown) Poisson ratio | 0.34 | | (unknown) refractive index | | 1.000427 | (unknown) sound speed | 3570 m/s | 1120 m/s | 5400 m/s thermal expansion | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 400 W/(m K) | 0.00943 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | krypton | germanium electrical type | conductor | | semiconductor resistivity | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -9.63×10^-6 | -1.65×10^-8 | -7.98×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4.4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.69×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (copper) | (colorless) | (gray) refractive index | | 1.000427 | (unknown)

| copper | krypton | germanium valence | 2 | 2 | 4 electronegativity | 1.9 | 3 | 2.01 electron affinity | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1350.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 1350.8 kJ/mol | 2350.4 kJ/mol | 3565 kJ/mol | 5070 kJ/mol | 6240 kJ/mol | 7570 kJ/mol | 10710 kJ/mol | 12138 kJ/mol | 22274 kJ/mol | 25880 kJ/mol | 29700 kJ/mol | 33800 kJ/mol | 37700 kJ/mol | 43100 kJ/mol | 47500 kJ/mol | 52200 kJ/mol | 57100 kJ/mol | 61800 kJ/mol | 75800 kJ/mol | 80400 kJ/mol | 85300 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| copper | krypton | germanium term symbol | ^2S_(1/2) | ^1S_0 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 135 pm | 88 pm | 125 pm covalent radius | 132 pm | 116 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | 140 pm | 202 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| copper | krypton | germanium universe abundance | 6×10^-6 mass% | 4×10^-6 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% solar abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | | 2×10^-5 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.011 mass% | | 0.0021 mass% crust abundance | 0.0068 mass% | 1.5×10^-8 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-7 mass% | 2.1×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | | universe molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 6×10^-8 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | | 3×10^-7 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0031 mol% | | 4.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 1.6×10^-9 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0022 mol% | 4×10^-9 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | |