O2 + C2H5OH = H2O + CO

O_2 oxygen + CH_3CH_2OH ethanol ⟶ H_2O water + CO carbon monoxide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CO Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 O_2 + c_2 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 CO Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for O, C and H: O: | 2 c_1 + c_2 = c_3 + c_4 C: | 2 c_2 = c_4 H: | 6 c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 3 H_2O + 2 CO

+ ⟶ +

oxygen + ethanol ⟶ water + carbon monoxide

| oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide molecular enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -277.7 kJ/mol | -285.8 kJ/mol | -110.5 kJ/mol total enthalpy | 0 kJ/mol | -277.7 kJ/mol | -857.5 kJ/mol | -221 kJ/mol | H_initial = -277.7 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1078 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1078 kJ/mol - -277.7 kJ/mol = -800.8 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |

| oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide molecular free energy | 231.7 kJ/mol | -174.8 kJ/mol | -237.1 kJ/mol | -137 kJ/mol total free energy | 463.4 kJ/mol | -174.8 kJ/mol | -711.3 kJ/mol | -274 kJ/mol | G_initial = 288.6 kJ/mol | | G_final = -985.3 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -985.3 kJ/mol - 288.6 kJ/mol = -1274 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |

| oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide molecular entropy | 205 J/(mol K) | 160.7 J/(mol K) | 69.91 J/(mol K) | 198 J/(mol K) total entropy | 410 J/(mol K) | 160.7 J/(mol K) | 209.7 J/(mol K) | 396 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 570.7 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 605.7 J/(mol K) | ΔS_rxn^0 | 605.7 J/(mol K) - 570.7 J/(mol K) = 35.03 J/(mol K) (endoentropic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 3 H_2O + 2 CO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 CO | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression O_2 | 2 | -2 | ([O2])^(-2) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 CO | 2 | 2 | ([CO])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([O2])^(-2) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) ([H2O])^3 ([CO])^2 = (([H2O])^3 ([CO])^2)/(([O2])^2 [CH3CH2OH])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 O_2 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 3 H_2O + 2 CO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i O_2 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 CO | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term O_2 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[O2])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CO | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[CO])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[O2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[CO])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide formula | O_2 | CH_3CH_2OH | H_2O | CO Hill formula | O_2 | C_2H_6O | H_2O | CO name | oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide IUPAC name | molecular oxygen | ethanol | water | carbon monoxide