carbon vs silicon vs germanium

carbon (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| carbon | silicon | germanium atomic symbol | C | Si | Ge atomic number | 6 | 14 | 32 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^22p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 Aufbau diagram | 2p 2s | 3p 3s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | p | p group | 14 | 14 | 14 period | 2 | 3 | 4 atomic mass | 12.011 u | 28.085 u | 72.63 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| carbon | silicon | germanium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 3550 °C | 1414 °C | 938.3 °C boiling point | 4027 °C | 2900 °C | 2820 °C molar heat of fusion | 105 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 715 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| carbon | silicon | germanium density | 2.26 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 liquid density | | 2.57 g/cm^3 | 5.6 g/cm^3 molar volume | 5.315 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 0.5 (between talc and gypsum) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | | 9630 MPa | 8010 MPa Brinell hardness | | | 7270 MPa bulk modulus | 33 GPa | 100 GPa | (unknown) Young's modulus | | 47 GPa | (unknown) refractive index | 2.417 | | (unknown) sound speed | 18350 m/s | 2200 m/s | 5400 m/s thermal expansion | 7.1×10^-6 K^(-1) | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 140 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| carbon | silicon | germanium electrical type | conductor | semiconductor | semiconductor resistivity | 1×10^-5 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 100000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.4×10^-5 | -3.73×10^-6 | -7.98×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -7.45×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (black) | (gray) | (gray) refractive index | 2.417 | | (unknown)

| carbon | silicon | germanium valence | 4 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 2.55 | 1.9 | 2.01 electron affinity | 153.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 1086.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 1086.5 kJ/mol | 2352.6 kJ/mol | 4620.5 kJ/mol | 6222.7 kJ/mol | 37831 kJ/mol | 47277 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| carbon | silicon | germanium term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 70 pm | 110 pm | 125 pm covalent radius | 76 pm | 111 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | 170 pm | 210 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| carbon | silicon | germanium universe abundance | 0.5 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% solar abundance | 0.3 mass% | 0.09 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.5 mass% | 14 mass% | 0.0021 mass% crust abundance | 0.18 mass% | 27 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 0.0028 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 23 mass% | 0.026 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.05 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.03 mol% | 0.004 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1.8 mol% | 10 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.0014 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.31 mol% | 20 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 12 mol% | 0.0058 mol% |

| carbon | silicon | germanium half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable) stable isotopes | C-12 (98.89%) | C-13 (1.11%) | Si-28 (92.23%) | Si-29 (4.683%) | Si-30 (3.087%) | Ge-74 (36.73%) | Ge-72 (27.31%) | Ge-70 (20.37%) | Ge-73 (7.76%) nuclear spin | C-8: 0^+ | C-9: 3/2^- | C-10: 0^+ | C-11: 3/2^- | C-12: 0^+ | C-13: 1/2^- | C-14: 0^+ | C-15: 1/2^+ | C-16: 0^+ | C-17: 3/2^+ | C-18: 0^+ | C-19: 1/2^+ | C-20: 0^+ | C-21: 1/2^+ | C-22: 0^+ | Si-22: 0^+ | Si-23: 5/2^+ | Si-24: 0^+ | Si-25: 5/2^+ | Si-26: 0^+ | Si-27: 5/2^+ | Si-28: 0^+ | Si-29: 1/2^+ | Si-30: 0^+ | Si-31: 3/2^+ | Si-32: 0^+ | Si-33: 3/2^+ | Si-34: 0^+ | Si-35: 7/2^- | Si-36: 0^+ | Si-37: 7/2^- | Si-38: 0^+ | Si-39: 7/2^- | Si-40: 0^+ | Si-41: 7/2^- | Si-42: 0^+ | Si-43: 3/2^- | Si-44: 0^+ | Ge-58: 0^+ | Ge-59: 7/2^- | Ge-60: 0^+ | Ge-61: 3/2^- | Ge-62: 0^+ | Ge-63: 3/2^- | Ge-64: 0^+ | Ge-65: 3/2^- | Ge-66: 0^+ | Ge-67: 1/2^- | Ge-68: 0^+ | Ge-69: 5/2^- | Ge-70: 0^+ | Ge-71: 1/2^- | Ge-72: 0^+ | Ge-73: 9/2^+ | Ge-74: 0^+ | Ge-75: 1/2^- | Ge-76: 0^+ | Ge-77: 7/2^+ | Ge-78: 0^+ | Ge-79: 1/2^- | Ge-80: 0^+ | Ge-81: 9/2^+ | Ge-82: 0^+ | Ge-83: 5/2^+ | Ge-84: 0^+ | Ge-85: 5/2^+ | Ge-86: 0^+ | Ge-87: 5/2^+ | Ge-88: 0^+ | Ge-89: 3/2^+ unstable isotopes | C-14 (5700 yr) | C-11 (20.334 min) | C-10 (19.29 s) | C-15 (2.449 s) | C-16 (747 ms) | C-17 (193 ms) | C-9 (126.5 ms) | C-18 (92 ms) | C-19 (49 ms) | C-20 (14 ms) | C-22 (6.2 ms) | C-21 (30 ns) | C-8 (2 zs) | Si-32 (153 yr) | Si-31 (157.3 min) | Si-33 (6.11 s) | Si-27 (4.16 s) | Si-34 (2.77 s) | Si-26 (2.234 s) | Si-35 (780 ms) | Si-36 (450 ms) | Si-25 (220 ms) | Si-24 (140 ms) | Si-37 (90 ms) | Si-39 (47.5 ms) | Si-23 (42.3 ms) | Si-40 (33 ms) | Si-22 (29 ms) | Si-41 (20 ms) | Si-42 (12.5 ms) | Si-38 (1 µs) | Si-44 (360 ns) | Si-43 (60 ns) | Ge-68 (270.9 days) | Ge-71 (11.43 days) | Ge-69 (39.06 h) | Ge-77 (11.3 h) | Ge-66 (135.7 min) | Ge-78 (88 min) | Ge-75 (82.78 min) | Ge-67 (18.9 min) | Ge-64 (63.7 s) | Ge-65 (30.9 s) | Ge-80 (29.5 s) | Ge-79 (18.98 s) | Ge-81 (7.6 s) | Ge-82 (4.55 s) | Ge-83 (1.85 s) | Ge-84 (947 ms) | Ge-85 (535 ms) | Ge-63 (142 ms) | Ge-87 (140 ms) | Ge-89 (50 ms) | Ge-61 (39 ms) | Ge-60 (30 ms) | Ge-88 (300 ns) | Ge-86 (150 ns) | Ge-62 (150 ns) neutron cross-section | 0.0035 b | 0.166 b | 2.2 b neutron mass absorption | 1.5×10^-5 m^2/kg | 2×10^-4 m^2/kg | 0.0011 m^2/kg

| carbon | silicon | germanium CAS number | 7440-44-0 | 7440-21-3 | 7440-56-4 PubChem CID number | | 5461123 | 6326954