H2SO4 + KMnO4 + NH2OH = H2O + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + N2

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + KMnO_4 potassium permanganate + NH_2OH hydroxylamine ⟶ H_2O water + K_2SO_4 potassium sulfate + MnSO_4 manganese(II) sulfate + N_2 nitrogen

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + NH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + N_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 KMnO_4 + c_3 NH_2OH ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 K_2SO_4 + c_6 MnSO_4 + c_7 N_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, K, Mn and N: H: | 2 c_1 + 3 c_3 = 2 c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + 4 c_2 + c_3 = c_4 + 4 c_5 + 4 c_6 S: | c_1 = c_5 + c_6 K: | c_2 = 2 c_5 Mn: | c_2 = c_6 N: | c_3 = 2 c_7 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 10 c_4 = 18 c_5 = 1 c_6 = 2 c_7 = 5 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 10 NH_2OH ⟶ 18 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 N_2

+ + ⟶ + + +

sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate + hydroxylamine ⟶ water + potassium sulfate + manganese(II) sulfate + nitrogen

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + NH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + N_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 10 NH_2OH ⟶ 18 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 N_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 NH_2OH | 10 | -10 H_2O | 18 | 18 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 N_2 | 5 | 5 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | ([KMnO4])^(-2) NH_2OH | 10 | -10 | ([NH2OH])^(-10) H_2O | 18 | 18 | ([H2O])^18 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [K2SO4] MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([MnSO4])^2 N_2 | 5 | 5 | ([N2])^5 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([KMnO4])^(-2) ([NH2OH])^(-10) ([H2O])^18 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([N2])^5 = (([H2O])^18 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([N2])^5)/(([H2SO4])^3 ([KMnO4])^2 ([NH2OH])^10)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + NH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + N_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 10 NH_2OH ⟶ 18 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 N_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 NH_2OH | 10 | -10 H_2O | 18 | 18 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 N_2 | 5 | 5 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) NH_2OH | 10 | -10 | -1/10 (Δ[NH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 18 | 18 | 1/18 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) N_2 | 5 | 5 | 1/5 (Δ[N2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) = -1/10 (Δ[NH2OH])/(Δt) = 1/18 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) = 1/5 (Δ[N2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | hydroxylamine | water | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | nitrogen formula | H_2SO_4 | KMnO_4 | NH_2OH | H_2O | K_2SO_4 | MnSO_4 | N_2 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | KMnO_4 | H_3NO | H_2O | K_2O_4S | MnSO_4 | N_2 name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | hydroxylamine | water | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | nitrogen IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | hydroxylamine | water | dipotassium sulfate | manganese(+2) cation sulfate | molecular nitrogen

| sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | hydroxylamine | water | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | nitrogen molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 158.03 g/mol | 33.03 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 174.25 g/mol | 150.99 g/mol | 28.014 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | | solid (at STP) | gas (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | 240 °C | | 0 °C | | 710 °C | -210 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | | 100 °C | 99.9839 °C | | | -195.79 °C density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 1.078 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | | 3.25 g/cm^3 | 0.001251 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) solubility in water | very soluble | | very soluble | | soluble | soluble | insoluble surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | | | 0.0728 N/m | | | 0.0066 N/m dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | 1.78×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) odor | odorless | odorless | | odorless | | | odorless