BaCl2 + LiOH = Ba(OH)2 + LiCl

BaCl_2 barium chloride + LiOH lithium hydroxide ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 barium hydroxide + LiCl lithium chloride

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: BaCl_2 + LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + LiCl Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 BaCl_2 + c_2 LiOH ⟶ c_3 Ba(OH)_2 + c_4 LiCl Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Ba, Cl, H, Li and O: Ba: | c_1 = c_3 Cl: | 2 c_1 = c_4 H: | c_2 = 2 c_3 Li: | c_2 = c_4 O: | c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | BaCl_2 + 2 LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + 2 LiCl

+ ⟶ +

barium chloride + lithium hydroxide ⟶ barium hydroxide + lithium chloride

| barium chloride | lithium hydroxide | barium hydroxide | lithium chloride molecular enthalpy | -855 kJ/mol | -487.5 kJ/mol | -944.7 kJ/mol | -408.6 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -855 kJ/mol | -975 kJ/mol | -944.7 kJ/mol | -817.2 kJ/mol | H_initial = -1830 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1762 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1762 kJ/mol - -1830 kJ/mol = 68.1 kJ/mol (endothermic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: BaCl_2 + LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + LiCl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: BaCl_2 + 2 LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + 2 LiCl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i BaCl_2 | 1 | -1 LiOH | 2 | -2 Ba(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 LiCl | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression BaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([BaCl2])^(-1) LiOH | 2 | -2 | ([LiOH])^(-2) Ba(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Ba(OH)2] LiCl | 2 | 2 | ([LiCl])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([BaCl2])^(-1) ([LiOH])^(-2) [Ba(OH)2] ([LiCl])^2 = ([Ba(OH)2] ([LiCl])^2)/([BaCl2] ([LiOH])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: BaCl_2 + LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + LiCl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: BaCl_2 + 2 LiOH ⟶ Ba(OH)_2 + 2 LiCl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i BaCl_2 | 1 | -1 LiOH | 2 | -2 Ba(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 LiCl | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term BaCl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[BaCl2])/(Δt) LiOH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[LiOH])/(Δt) Ba(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Ba(OH)2])/(Δt) LiCl | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[LiCl])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[BaCl2])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[LiOH])/(Δt) = (Δ[Ba(OH)2])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[LiCl])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| barium chloride | lithium hydroxide | barium hydroxide | lithium chloride formula | BaCl_2 | LiOH | Ba(OH)_2 | LiCl Hill formula | BaCl_2 | HLiO | BaH_2O_2 | ClLi name | barium chloride | lithium hydroxide | barium hydroxide | lithium chloride IUPAC name | barium(+2) cation dichloride | lithium hydroxide | barium(+2) cation dihydroxide | lithium chloride

| barium chloride | lithium hydroxide | barium hydroxide | lithium chloride molar mass | 208.2 g/mol | 23.95 g/mol | 171.34 g/mol | 42.4 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 963 °C | 462 °C | 300 °C | 605 °C boiling point | | | | 1382 °C density | 3.856 g/cm^3 | 1.46 g/cm^3 | 2.2 g/cm^3 | 2.07 g/cm^3 dynamic viscosity | | | | 0.00525 Pa s (at 20 °C) odor | odorless | odorless | |