niobium vs zirconium vs ruthenium

niobium (chemical element) | zirconium (chemical element) | ruthenium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium atomic symbol | Nb | Zr | Ru atomic number | 41 | 40 | 44 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^14d^4 | [Kr]5s^24d^2 | [Kr]5s^14d^7 Aufbau diagram | 4d 5s | 4d 5s | 4d 5s block | d | d | d group | 5 | 4 | 8 period | 5 | 5 | 5 atomic mass | 92.90637 u | 91.224 u | 101.07 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 2477 °C | 1855 °C | 2334 °C boiling point | 4744 °C | 4409 °C | 4150 °C molar heat of fusion | 26.8 kJ/mol | 21 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 690 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 265 J/(kg K) | 278 J/(kg K) | 238 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium density | 8.57 g/cm^3 | 6.511 g/cm^3 | 12.37 g/cm^3 liquid density | | 5.8 g/cm^3 | 10.65 g/cm^3 molar volume | 10.84 cm^3/mol | 14.01 cm^3/mol | 8.171 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 5 (≈ apatite) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 1320 MPa | 903 MPa | 2300 MPa Brinell hardness | 736 MPa | 650 MPa | 2160 MPa bulk modulus | 170 GPa | (unknown) | 220 GPa shear modulus | 38 GPa | 33 GPa | 173 GPa Young's modulus | 105 GPa | 68 GPa | 447 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.4 | 0.34 | 0.3 tensile yield strength | | 230 MPa | ultimate tensile strength | | 330 MPa | sound speed | 3480 m/s | 3800 m/s | 5970 m/s thermal expansion | 7.3×10^-6 K^(-1) | 5.7×10^-6 K^(-1) | 6.4×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 54 W/(m K) | 23 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 4.2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7.1×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.4×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 2.37×10^-4 | 1.09×10^-4 | 6.7×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 2.76×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 1.68×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.42×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 2.56×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.53×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.48×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (3.95 to 4.87) eV | 4.05 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.71 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (9.551×10^14 to 1.178×10^15) Hz (hertz) | 9.793×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 1.139×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 9.25 K (kelvins) | 0.61 K (kelvins) | 0.49 K (kelvins) color | (gray) | (silver) | (silver)

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium valence | 5 | 4 | 6 electronegativity | 1.6 | 1.33 | 2.2 electron affinity | 86.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 41.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 101.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 652.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 640.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 710.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 652.1 kJ/mol | 1380 kJ/mol | 2416 kJ/mol | 3700 kJ/mol | 4877 kJ/mol | 9847 kJ/mol | 12100 kJ/mol | 640.1 kJ/mol | 1270 kJ/mol | 2218 kJ/mol | 3313 kJ/mol | 7752 kJ/mol | 9500 kJ/mol | 710.2 kJ/mol | 1620 kJ/mol | 2747 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium term symbol | ^6D_(1/2) | ^3F_2 | ^5F_5 atomic radius | 145 pm | 155 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 164 pm | 175 pm | 146 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| niobium | zirconium | ruthenium universe abundance | 2×10^-7 mass% | 5×10^-6 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 4×10^-7 mass% | 4×10^-6 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 1.9×10^-5 mass% | 6.6×10^-4 mass% | 8.1×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 0.0017 mass% | 0.013 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 1×10^-10 mass% | 2.6×10^-9 mass% | 7×10^-11 mass% human abundance | | 5×10^-6 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0 mol% | 7×10^-8 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 5×10^-9 mol% | 5×10^-8 mol% | 6×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 3×10^-6 mol% | 1.6×10^-4 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 6.7×10^-12 mol% | 1.8×10^-10 mol% | 4.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.7×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | | 3×10^-7 mol% |