Input interpretation
H_2SO_4 (sulfuric acid) + KMnO_4 (potassium permanganate) + CH_3CH_2OH (ethanol) ⟶ H_2O (water) + K_2SO_4 (potassium sulfate) + MnSO_4 (manganese(II) sulfate) + CH_3CHO (acetaldehyde)
Balanced equation
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + CH_3CHO Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 KMnO_4 + c_3 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 K_2SO_4 + c_6 MnSO_4 + c_7 CH_3CHO Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, K, Mn and C: H: | 2 c_1 + 6 c_3 = 2 c_4 + 4 c_7 O: | 4 c_1 + 4 c_2 + c_3 = c_4 + 4 c_5 + 4 c_6 + c_7 S: | c_1 = c_5 + c_6 K: | c_2 = 2 c_5 Mn: | c_2 = c_6 C: | 2 c_3 = 2 c_7 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_5 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 5 c_4 = 8 c_5 = 1 c_6 = 2 c_7 = 5 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 5 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 8 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 CH_3CHO
Structures
+ + ⟶ + + +
Names
sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate + ethanol ⟶ water + potassium sulfate + manganese(II) sulfate + acetaldehyde
Equilibrium constant
![Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + CH_3CHO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 5 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 8 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 CH_3CHO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 H_2O | 8 | 8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | ([KMnO4])^(-2) CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-5) H_2O | 8 | 8 | ([H2O])^8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [K2SO4] MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([MnSO4])^2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 | ([CH3CHO])^5 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([KMnO4])^(-2) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-5) ([H2O])^8 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([CH3CHO])^5 = (([H2O])^8 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([CH3CHO])^5)/(([H2SO4])^3 ([KMnO4])^2 ([CH3CH2OH])^5)](../image_source/40d331a7c71599188347b9fd51f58c37.png)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + CH_3CHO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 5 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 8 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 CH_3CHO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 H_2O | 8 | 8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | ([KMnO4])^(-2) CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-5) H_2O | 8 | 8 | ([H2O])^8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [K2SO4] MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([MnSO4])^2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 | ([CH3CHO])^5 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([KMnO4])^(-2) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-5) ([H2O])^8 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([CH3CHO])^5 = (([H2O])^8 [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([CH3CHO])^5)/(([H2SO4])^3 ([KMnO4])^2 ([CH3CH2OH])^5)
Rate of reaction
![Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + CH_3CHO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 5 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 8 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 CH_3CHO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 H_2O | 8 | 8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 | -1/5 (Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 8 | 8 | 1/8 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 | 1/5 (Δ[CH3CHO])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) = -1/5 (Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = 1/8 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) = 1/5 (Δ[CH3CHO])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)](../image_source/49d99854826661b9b28ddef31a45e791.png)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + CH_3CHO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 5 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ 8 H_2O + K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 5 CH_3CHO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 H_2O | 8 | 8 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 5 | -5 | -1/5 (Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 8 | 8 | 1/8 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) CH_3CHO | 5 | 5 | 1/5 (Δ[CH3CHO])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) = -1/5 (Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = 1/8 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) = 1/5 (Δ[CH3CHO])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Chemical names and formulas
| sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | ethanol | water | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | acetaldehyde formula | H_2SO_4 | KMnO_4 | CH_3CH_2OH | H_2O | K_2SO_4 | MnSO_4 | CH_3CHO Hill formula | H_2O_4S | KMnO_4 | C_2H_6O | H_2O | K_2O_4S | MnSO_4 | C_2H_4O name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | ethanol | water | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | acetaldehyde IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | ethanol | water | dipotassium sulfate | manganese(+2) cation sulfate | acetaldehyde