beryllium vs lithium vs gallium

beryllium (chemical element) | lithium (chemical element) | gallium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| beryllium | lithium | gallium atomic symbol | Be | Li | Ga atomic number | 4 | 3 | 31 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^2 | [He]2s^1 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^1 Aufbau diagram | 2s | 2s | 4p 3d 4s block | s | s | p group | 2 | 1 | 13 period | 2 | 2 | 4 atomic mass | 9.0121831 u | 6.94 u | 69.723 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| beryllium | lithium | gallium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1287 °C | 180.54 °C | 29.76 °C boiling point | 2470 °C | 1342 °C | 2204 °C critical temperature | | 3223 K | critical pressure | | 67 MPa | molar heat of fusion | 7.95 kJ/mol | 3 kJ/mol | 5.59 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 297 kJ/mol | 147 kJ/mol | 256 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 1820 J/(kg K) | 3570 J/(kg K) | 371 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| beryllium | lithium | gallium density | 1.848 g/cm^3 | 0.535 g/cm^3 | 5.904 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.69 g/cm^3 | 0.512 g/cm^3 | 6.095 g/cm^3 molar volume | 4.877 cm^3/mol | 13 cm^3/mol | 11.81 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 5.5 (between apatite and microcline) | 0.6 (between talc and gypsum) | 1.5 (between talc and gypsum) Vickers hardness | 1670 MPa | | Brinell hardness | 600 MPa | | 60 MPa bulk modulus | 130 GPa | 11 GPa | shear modulus | 132 GPa | 4.2 GPa | Young's modulus | 287 GPa | 4.9 GPa | Poisson ratio | 0.032 | | tensile yield strength | 240 MPa | | ultimate tensile strength | 370 MPa | 15 MPa | sound speed | 13000 m/s | 6000 m/s | 2740 m/s thermal expansion | 1.13×10^-5 K^(-1) | 4.6×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.2×10^-4 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 190 W/(m K) | 85 W/(m K) | 29 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| beryllium | lithium | gallium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 9.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.4×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 7.1×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | paramagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -2.328×10^-5 | 1.37×10^-5 | -1.77×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.26×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 2.56×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.136×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.78×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -2.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.98 eV (Polycrystalline) | 2.93 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.32 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 1.204×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 7.085×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 1.045×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.026 K (kelvins) | | 1.083 K (kelvins) color | (slate gray) | (silver) | (silver)

| beryllium | lithium | gallium valence | 2 | 1 | 3 electronegativity | 1.57 | 0.98 | 1.81 electron affinity | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 59.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 28.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 899.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 520.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 578.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 899.5 kJ/mol | 1757.1 kJ/mol | 14848.7 kJ/mol | 21006.6 kJ/mol | 520.2 kJ/mol | 7298.1 kJ/mol | 11815 kJ/mol | 578.8 kJ/mol | 1979.3 kJ/mol | 2963 kJ/mol | 6180 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| beryllium | lithium | gallium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2P_(1/2) atomic radius | 105 pm | 145 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 96 pm | 128 pm | 122 pm van der Waals radius | | 182 pm | 187 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| beryllium | lithium | gallium universe abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-7 mass% | 1×10^-6 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-8 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% | 4×10^-6 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.9×10^-6 mass% | 1.7×10^-4 mass% | 7.6×10^-4 mass% crust abundance | 1.9×10^-4 mass% | 0.0017 mass% | 0.0019 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-11 mass% | 1.8×10^-5 mass% | 3×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 4×10^-8 mass% | 3×10^-6 mass% | universe molar abundance | 1×10^-8 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% | 6×10^-8 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 7×10^-6 mol% | 4.6×10^-4 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 4.1×10^-11 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% | 2.7×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 4.3×10^-4 mol% | 0.005 mol% | 5.5×10^-4 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-8 mol% | 2.7×10^-6 mol% |