CuO + C12H22O11 = H2O + CO2 + Cu

CuO cupric oxide + C_12H_22O_11 sucrose ⟶ H_2O water + CO_2 carbon dioxide + Cu copper

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + Cu Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 CuO + c_2 C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 CO_2 + c_5 Cu Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cu, O, C and H: Cu: | c_1 = c_5 O: | c_1 + 11 c_2 = c_3 + 2 c_4 C: | 12 c_2 = c_4 H: | 22 c_2 = 2 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 24 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 11 c_4 = 12 c_5 = 24 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 24 CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ 11 H_2O + 12 CO_2 + 24 Cu

+ ⟶ + +

cupric oxide + sucrose ⟶ water + carbon dioxide + copper

| cupric oxide | sucrose | water | carbon dioxide | copper molecular enthalpy | -157.3 kJ/mol | -2226 kJ/mol | -285.8 kJ/mol | -393.5 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -3775 kJ/mol | -2226 kJ/mol | -3144 kJ/mol | -4722 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | H_initial = -6001 kJ/mol | | H_final = -7866 kJ/mol | | ΔH_rxn^0 | -7866 kJ/mol - -6001 kJ/mol = -1865 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + Cu Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 24 CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ 11 H_2O + 12 CO_2 + 24 Cu Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuO | 24 | -24 C_12H_22O_11 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 12 | 12 Cu | 24 | 24 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression CuO | 24 | -24 | ([CuO])^(-24) C_12H_22O_11 | 1 | -1 | ([C12H22O11])^(-1) H_2O | 11 | 11 | ([H2O])^11 CO_2 | 12 | 12 | ([CO2])^12 Cu | 24 | 24 | ([Cu])^24 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([CuO])^(-24) ([C12H22O11])^(-1) ([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^12 ([Cu])^24 = (([H2O])^11 ([CO2])^12 ([Cu])^24)/(([CuO])^24 [C12H22O11])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ H_2O + CO_2 + Cu Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 24 CuO + C_12H_22O_11 ⟶ 11 H_2O + 12 CO_2 + 24 Cu Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuO | 24 | -24 C_12H_22O_11 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 11 | 11 CO_2 | 12 | 12 Cu | 24 | 24 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term CuO | 24 | -24 | -1/24 (Δ[CuO])/(Δt) C_12H_22O_11 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[C12H22O11])/(Δt) H_2O | 11 | 11 | 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CO_2 | 12 | 12 | 1/12 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) Cu | 24 | 24 | 1/24 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/24 (Δ[CuO])/(Δt) = -(Δ[C12H22O11])/(Δt) = 1/11 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/12 (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/24 (Δ[Cu])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| cupric oxide | sucrose | water | carbon dioxide | copper formula | CuO | C_12H_22O_11 | H_2O | CO_2 | Cu name | cupric oxide | sucrose | water | carbon dioxide | copper IUPAC name | | (2R, 3S, 4S, 5S, 6R)-2-[(2S, 3S, 4S, 5R)-3, 4-dihydroxy-2, 5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3, 4, 5-triol | water | carbon dioxide | copper