cadmium vs copper vs gold

cadmium (chemical element) | copper (chemical element) | gold (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| cadmium | copper | gold atomic symbol | Cd | Cu | Au atomic number | 48 | 29 | 79 short electronic configuration | [Kr]5s^24d^10 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Xe]6s^14f^145d^10 Aufbau diagram | 4d 5s | 3d 4s | 5d 4f 6s block | d | d | d group | 12 | 11 | 11 period | 5 | 4 | 6 atomic mass | 112.414 u | 63.546 u | 196.966569 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| cadmium | copper | gold phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 321.07 °C | 1084.62 °C | 1064.18 °C boiling point | 767 °C | 2562 °C | 2856 °C molar heat of fusion | 6.3 kJ/mol | 13.1 kJ/mol | 12.5 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 100 kJ/mol | 300 kJ/mol | 330 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 230 J/(kg K) | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 129.1 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| cadmium | copper | gold density | 8.65 g/cm^3 | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 19.3 g/cm^3 liquid density | 7.996 g/cm^3 | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 17.31 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 10.2 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 3 (≈ calcite) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) Vickers hardness | | 369 MPa | 216 MPa Brinell hardness | 203 MPa | 874 MPa | 2450 MPa bulk modulus | 42 GPa | 140 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | 19 GPa | 48 GPa | 27 GPa Young's modulus | 50 GPa | 130 GPa | 78 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.3 | 0.34 | 0.44 ultimate tensile strength | 75 MPa | | 120 MPa sound speed | 2310 m/s | 3570 m/s | 1740 m/s thermal expansion | 3.08×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.42×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 97 W/(m K) | 400 W/(m K) | 320 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| cadmium | copper | gold electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 2.2×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 4.5×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.99×10^-5 | -9.63×10^-6 | -3.44×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -2.3×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.78×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -2.59×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.51×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 4.08 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | (5.31 to 5.47) eV threshold frequency | 9.865×10^14 Hz (hertz) | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.284×10^15 to 1.323×10^15) Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.517 K (kelvins) | | color | (silver) | (copper) | (gold)

| cadmium | copper | gold valence | 2 | 2 | 5 electronegativity | 1.69 | 1.9 | 2.54 electron affinity | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 222.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 867.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 890.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 867.8 kJ/mol | 1631.4 kJ/mol | 3616 kJ/mol | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 890.1 kJ/mol | 1980 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| cadmium | copper | gold term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^2S_(1/2) atomic radius | 155 pm | 135 pm | 135 pm covalent radius | 144 pm | 132 pm | 136 pm van der Waals radius | 158 pm | 140 pm | 166 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| cadmium | copper | gold universe abundance | 2×10^-7 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% | 6×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 6×10^-7 mass% | 7×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 4.4×10^-5 mass% | 0.011 mass% | 1.7×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 1.5×10^-5 mass% | 0.0068 mass% | 3.1×10^-7 mass% ocean abundance | 5×10^-9 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% | 5×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 1×10^-5 mass% universe molar abundance | 2×10^-9 mol% | 1×10^-7 mol% | 4×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 7×10^-9 mol% | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 9.9×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 6×10^-6 mol% | 0.0031 mol% | 2×10^-6 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.8×10^-10 mol% | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 1.6×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 3×10^-6 mol% | 0.0022 mol% | 3×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 3.9×10^-6 mol% | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol%