NaCl + CuNO3 = NaNO3 + CuCl

NaCl sodium chloride + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 sodium nitrate + CuCl cuprous chloride

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 NaCl + c_2 CuNO3 ⟶ c_3 NaNO_3 + c_4 CuCl Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, Na, Cu, N and O: Cl: | c_1 = c_4 Na: | c_1 = c_3 Cu: | c_2 = c_4 N: | c_2 = c_3 O: | 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl

+ CuNO3 ⟶ +

sodium chloride + CuNO3 ⟶ sodium nitrate + cuprous chloride

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaCl | 1 | -1 CuNO3 | 1 | -1 NaNO_3 | 1 | 1 CuCl | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression NaCl | 1 | -1 | ([NaCl])^(-1) CuNO3 | 1 | -1 | ([CuNO3])^(-1) NaNO_3 | 1 | 1 | [NaNO3] CuCl | 1 | 1 | [CuCl] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([NaCl])^(-1) ([CuNO3])^(-1) [NaNO3] [CuCl] = ([NaNO3] [CuCl])/([NaCl] [CuNO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: NaCl + CuNO3 ⟶ NaNO_3 + CuCl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaCl | 1 | -1 CuNO3 | 1 | -1 NaNO_3 | 1 | 1 CuCl | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term NaCl | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) CuNO3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CuNO3])/(Δt) NaNO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[NaNO3])/(Δt) CuCl | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CuCl])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CuNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[NaNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[CuCl])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium chloride | CuNO3 | sodium nitrate | cuprous chloride formula | NaCl | CuNO3 | NaNO_3 | CuCl Hill formula | ClNa | CuNO3 | NNaO_3 | ClCu name | sodium chloride | | sodium nitrate | cuprous chloride

| sodium chloride | CuNO3 | sodium nitrate | cuprous chloride molar mass | 58.44 g/mol | 125.55 g/mol | 84.994 g/mol | 99 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 801 °C | | 306 °C | 430 °C boiling point | 1413 °C | | | 1490 °C density | 2.16 g/cm^3 | | 2.26 g/cm^3 | 4.145 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | | soluble | dynamic viscosity | | | 0.003 Pa s (at 250 °C) | odor | odorless | | |