Input interpretation
period 4 elements | bulk modulus
Summary
median | 110 GPa highest | 180 GPa (nickel and cobalt) lowest | 1.9 GPa (bromine) distribution | | (based on 15 values; 3 unavailable)
Entities with missing values
gallium | germanium | krypton (total: 3)
Distribution plots
(bulk modulus in gigapascals)
Bulk modulus rankings
1 | bromine | 1.9 GPa 2 | potassium | 3.1 GPa 3 | selenium | 8.3 GPa 4 | calcium | 17 GPa 5 | arsenic | 22 GPa 6 | scandium | 57 GPa 7 | zinc | 70 GPa 8 | titanium | 110 GPa 9 | manganese | 120 GPa 10 | copper | 140 GPa 11 | chromium | 160 GPa 12 | vanadium | 160 GPa 13 | iron | 170 GPa 14 | cobalt | 180 GPa 15 | nickel | 180 GPa (based on 15 values; 3 unavailable)
Unit conversions for median bulk modulus 110 GPa
0.11 TPa (terapascals)
1.1×10^11 Pa (pascals)
1.1×10^11 N/m^2 (newtons per square meter)
1.09×10^6 atm (atmospheres) (unit officially deprecated)
Comparisons for median bulk modulus 110 GPa
≈ 0.5 × gold bulk modulus ( ≈ 220 GPa )
≈ 0.65 × iron bulk modulus ( ≈ 170 GPa )
≈ 3.3 × carbon bulk modulus ( ≈ 33 GPa )
Corresponding quantity
Compressibility β from β = 1/K: | 9.1×10^-12 Pa^(-1) (reciprocal pascals)