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silicon

Input interpretation

silicon (chemical element)
silicon (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Image

Image
Image

Basic elemental properties

atomic symbol | Si atomic number | 14 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s block | p group | 14 period | 3 atomic mass | 28.085 u (unified atomic mass units)
atomic symbol | Si atomic number | 14 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s block | p group | 14 period | 3 atomic mass | 28.085 u (unified atomic mass units)

Thermodynamic properties

phase at STP | solid melting point | 1414 °C (rank: 33rd) boiling point | 2900 °C (rank: 35th) molar heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol (rank: 2nd) molar heat of vaporization | 359 kJ/mol (rank: 28th) specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) (rank: 16th) (properties at standard conditions)
phase at STP | solid melting point | 1414 °C (rank: 33rd) boiling point | 2900 °C (rank: 35th) molar heat of fusion | 50.2 kJ/mol (rank: 2nd) molar heat of vaporization | 359 kJ/mol (rank: 28th) specific heat at STP | 710 J/(kg K) (rank: 16th) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

density | 2.33 g/cm^3 (rank: 74th) liquid density | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 9630 MPa (rank: 2nd) bulk modulus | 100 GPa (rank: 23rd) Young's modulus | 47 GPa (rank: 42nd) sound speed | 2200 m/s (rank: 51st) thermal expansion | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) (rank: 64th) thermal conductivity | 150 W/(m K) (rank: 9th) (properties at standard conditions)
density | 2.33 g/cm^3 (rank: 74th) liquid density | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 9630 MPa (rank: 2nd) bulk modulus | 100 GPa (rank: 23rd) Young's modulus | 47 GPa (rank: 42nd) sound speed | 2200 m/s (rank: 51st) thermal expansion | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) (rank: 64th) thermal conductivity | 150 W/(m K) (rank: 9th) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

electrical type | semiconductor resistivity | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (gray) (work function range from 3 different crystalline orientations)
electrical type | semiconductor resistivity | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (gray) (work function range from 3 different crystalline orientations)

Reactivity

valence | 4 electronegativity | 1.9 electron affinity | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol
valence | 4 electronegativity | 1.9 electron affinity | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

term symbol | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 110 pm covalent radius | 111 pm van der Waals radius | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)
term symbol | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 110 pm covalent radius | 111 pm van der Waals radius | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)
(neutral silicon atomic spectrum)
(neutral silicon atomic spectrum)

Abundances

universe abundance | 0.07 mass% (rank: 8th) solar abundance | 0.09 mass% (rank: 8th) meteorite abundance | 14 mass% (rank: 3rd) crust abundance | 27 mass% (rank: 2nd) ocean abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% (rank: 14th) human abundance | 0.026 mass% (rank: 12th) universe molar abundance | 0.003 mol% (rank: 7th) solar molar abundance | 0.004 mol% (rank: 7th) meteorite molar abundance | 10 mol% (rank: 3rd) ocean molar abundance | 2.2×10^-5 mol% (rank: 15th) crust molar abundance | 20 mol% (rank: 2nd) human molar abundance | 0.0058 mol% (rank: 12th)
universe abundance | 0.07 mass% (rank: 8th) solar abundance | 0.09 mass% (rank: 8th) meteorite abundance | 14 mass% (rank: 3rd) crust abundance | 27 mass% (rank: 2nd) ocean abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% (rank: 14th) human abundance | 0.026 mass% (rank: 12th) universe molar abundance | 0.003 mol% (rank: 7th) solar molar abundance | 0.004 mol% (rank: 7th) meteorite molar abundance | 10 mol% (rank: 3rd) ocean molar abundance | 2.2×10^-5 mol% (rank: 15th) crust molar abundance | 20 mol% (rank: 2nd) human molar abundance | 0.0058 mol% (rank: 12th)

Nuclear properties

half-life | (stable) stable isotopes | Si-28 (92.23%) | Si-29 (4.683%) | Si-30 (3.087%) nuclear spin | Si-22: 0^+ | Si-23: 5/2^+ | Si-24: 0^+ | Si-25: 5/2^+ | Si-26: 0^+ | Si-27: 5/2^+ | Si-28: 0^+ | Si-29: 1/2^+ | Si-30: 0^+ | Si-31: 3/2^+ | Si-32: 0^+ | Si-33: 3/2^+ | Si-34: 0^+ | Si-35: 7/2^- | Si-36: 0^+ | Si-37: 7/2^- | Si-38: 0^+ | Si-39: 7/2^- | Si-40: 0^+ | Si-41: 7/2^- | Si-42: 0^+ | Si-43: 3/2^- | Si-44: 0^+ unstable isotopes | Si-32 (153 yr) | Si-31 (157.3 min) | Si-33 (6.11 s) | Si-27 (4.16 s) | Si-34 (2.77 s) | Si-26 (2.234 s) | Si-35 (780 ms) | Si-36 (450 ms) | Si-25 (220 ms) | Si-24 (140 ms) | Si-37 (90 ms) | Si-39 (47.5 ms) | Si-23 (42.3 ms) | Si-40 (33 ms) | Si-22 (29 ms) | Si-41 (20 ms) | Si-42 (12.5 ms) | Si-38 (1 µs) | Si-44 (360 ns) | Si-43 (60 ns) neutron cross-section | 0.166 b neutron mass absorption | 2×10^-4 m^2/kg
half-life | (stable) stable isotopes | Si-28 (92.23%) | Si-29 (4.683%) | Si-30 (3.087%) nuclear spin | Si-22: 0^+ | Si-23: 5/2^+ | Si-24: 0^+ | Si-25: 5/2^+ | Si-26: 0^+ | Si-27: 5/2^+ | Si-28: 0^+ | Si-29: 1/2^+ | Si-30: 0^+ | Si-31: 3/2^+ | Si-32: 0^+ | Si-33: 3/2^+ | Si-34: 0^+ | Si-35: 7/2^- | Si-36: 0^+ | Si-37: 7/2^- | Si-38: 0^+ | Si-39: 7/2^- | Si-40: 0^+ | Si-41: 7/2^- | Si-42: 0^+ | Si-43: 3/2^- | Si-44: 0^+ unstable isotopes | Si-32 (153 yr) | Si-31 (157.3 min) | Si-33 (6.11 s) | Si-27 (4.16 s) | Si-34 (2.77 s) | Si-26 (2.234 s) | Si-35 (780 ms) | Si-36 (450 ms) | Si-25 (220 ms) | Si-24 (140 ms) | Si-37 (90 ms) | Si-39 (47.5 ms) | Si-23 (42.3 ms) | Si-40 (33 ms) | Si-22 (29 ms) | Si-41 (20 ms) | Si-42 (12.5 ms) | Si-38 (1 µs) | Si-44 (360 ns) | Si-43 (60 ns) neutron cross-section | 0.166 b neutron mass absorption | 2×10^-4 m^2/kg

Identifiers

CAS number | 7440-21-3 PubChem CID number | 5461123
CAS number | 7440-21-3 PubChem CID number | 5461123

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