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HCl + HNO3 = H2O + Cl2 + NOCl

Input interpretation

HCl (hydrogen chloride) + HNO_3 (nitric acid) ⟶ H_2O (water) + Cl_2 (chlorine) + ClH_2NO
HCl (hydrogen chloride) + HNO_3 (nitric acid) ⟶ H_2O (water) + Cl_2 (chlorine) + ClH_2NO

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HCl + c_2 HNO_3 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 Cl_2 + c_5 ClH_2NO Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, H, N and O: Cl: | c_1 = 2 c_4 + c_5 H: | c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 + 2 c_5 N: | c_2 = c_5 O: | 3 c_2 = c_3 + c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 5 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HCl + c_2 HNO_3 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 Cl_2 + c_5 ClH_2NO Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, H, N and O: Cl: | c_1 = 2 c_4 + c_5 H: | c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 + 2 c_5 N: | c_2 = c_5 O: | 3 c_2 = c_3 + c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 5 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 2 c_5 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO

Structures

+ ⟶ + +
+ ⟶ + +

Names

hydrogen chloride + nitric acid ⟶ water + chlorine + ClH_2NO
hydrogen chloride + nitric acid ⟶ water + chlorine + ClH_2NO

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 5 | -5 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HCl | 5 | -5 | ([HCl])^(-5) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([HNO3])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 | ([Cl2])^2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 | [ClH2NO] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HCl])^(-5) ([HNO3])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 ([Cl2])^2 [ClH2NO] = (([H2O])^2 ([Cl2])^2 [ClH2NO])/(([HCl])^5 [HNO3])
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 5 | -5 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HCl | 5 | -5 | ([HCl])^(-5) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([HNO3])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 | ([Cl2])^2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 | [ClH2NO] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HCl])^(-5) ([HNO3])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 ([Cl2])^2 [ClH2NO] = (([H2O])^2 ([Cl2])^2 [ClH2NO])/(([HCl])^5 [HNO3])

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 5 | -5 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HCl | 5 | -5 | -1/5 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Cl_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 | (Δ[ClH2NO])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/5 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[ClH2NO])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 5 HCl + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + 2 Cl_2 + ClH_2NO Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 5 | -5 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Cl_2 | 2 | 2 ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HCl | 5 | -5 | -1/5 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Cl_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) ClH_2NO | 1 | 1 | (Δ[ClH2NO])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/5 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) = (Δ[ClH2NO])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | SMILES | NOCl formula | HCl | HNO_3 | H_2O | Cl_2 | ClH_2NO Hill formula | ClH | HNO_3 | H_2O | Cl_2 | ClH_2NO name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | IUPAC name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | molecular chlorine |
| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | SMILES | NOCl formula | HCl | HNO_3 | H_2O | Cl_2 | ClH_2NO Hill formula | ClH | HNO_3 | H_2O | Cl_2 | ClH_2NO name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | IUPAC name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | molecular chlorine |

Substance properties

| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | SMILES | NOCl molar mass | 36.46 g/mol | 63.012 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 70.9 g/mol | 67.47 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | -114.17 °C | -41.6 °C | 0 °C | -101 °C | -47.98 °C boiling point | -85 °C | 83 °C | 99.9839 °C | -34 °C | 58.63 °C density | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 1.5129 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.003214 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | solubility in water | miscible | miscible | | | surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | | | odorless | |
| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | water | chlorine | SMILES | NOCl molar mass | 36.46 g/mol | 63.012 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 70.9 g/mol | 67.47 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | melting point | -114.17 °C | -41.6 °C | 0 °C | -101 °C | -47.98 °C boiling point | -85 °C | 83 °C | 99.9839 °C | -34 °C | 58.63 °C density | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 1.5129 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.003214 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | solubility in water | miscible | miscible | | | surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | | | odorless | |

Units

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