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H2SO4 + C2H5OH = H2O + CH3CH2OSO3H

Input interpretation

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + CH_3CH_2OH ethanol ⟶ H_2O water + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 dimethyl sulfate
H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + CH_3CH_2OH ethanol ⟶ H_2O water + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 dimethyl sulfate

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and C: H: | 2 c_1 + 6 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 6 c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S and C: H: | 2 c_1 + 6 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 6 c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2

Structures

+ ⟶ +
+ ⟶ +

Names

sulfuric acid + ethanol ⟶ water + dimethyl sulfate
sulfuric acid + ethanol ⟶ water + dimethyl sulfate

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([H2SO4])^(-1) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) H_2O | 1 | 1 | [H2O] (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 | [(CH3O)2SO2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-1) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) [H2O] [(CH3O)2SO2] = ([H2O] [(CH3O)2SO2])/([H2SO4] [CH3CH2OH])
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([H2SO4])^(-1) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) H_2O | 1 | 1 | [H2O] (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 | [(CH3O)2SO2] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-1) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) [H2O] [(CH3O)2SO2] = ([H2O] [(CH3O)2SO2])/([H2SO4] [CH3CH2OH])

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 1 | 1 | (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[(CH3O)2SO2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[(CH3O)2SO2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 1 | 1 | (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) (CH_3O)_2SO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[(CH3O)2SO2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[(CH3O)2SO2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | CH_3CH_2OH | H_2O | (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | C_2H_6O | H_2O | C_2H_6O_4S name | sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | sulfuric acid dimethyl ester
| sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | CH_3CH_2OH | H_2O | (CH_3O)_2SO_2 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | C_2H_6O | H_2O | C_2H_6O_4S name | sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | sulfuric acid dimethyl ester

Substance properties

| sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 46.07 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 126.1 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | -114 °C | 0 °C | -32 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | 78 °C | 99.9839 °C | 188 °C density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | 0.789 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 1.333 g/cm^3 solubility in water | very soluble | miscible | | surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | 0.02275 N/m | 0.0728 N/m | 0.04012 N/m dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 0.001074 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | | odorless |
| sulfuric acid | ethanol | water | dimethyl sulfate molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 46.07 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 126.1 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | -114 °C | 0 °C | -32 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | 78 °C | 99.9839 °C | 188 °C density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | 0.789 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 1.333 g/cm^3 solubility in water | very soluble | miscible | | surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | 0.02275 N/m | 0.0728 N/m | 0.04012 N/m dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 0.001074 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | | odorless |

Units

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