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HCl + HNO3 + Au = H2O + NO2 + AuCl3

Input interpretation

HCl hydrogen chloride + HNO_3 nitric acid + Au gold ⟶ H_2O water + NO_2 nitrogen dioxide + AuCl_3 gold(III) chloride
HCl hydrogen chloride + HNO_3 nitric acid + Au gold ⟶ H_2O water + NO_2 nitrogen dioxide + AuCl_3 gold(III) chloride

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HCl + c_2 HNO_3 + c_3 Au ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 NO_2 + c_6 AuCl_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, H, N, O and Au: Cl: | c_1 = 3 c_6 H: | c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_4 N: | c_2 = c_5 O: | 3 c_2 = c_4 + 2 c_5 Au: | c_3 = c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_3 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 3 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HCl + c_2 HNO_3 + c_3 Au ⟶ c_4 H_2O + c_5 NO_2 + c_6 AuCl_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, H, N, O and Au: Cl: | c_1 = 3 c_6 H: | c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_4 N: | c_2 = c_5 O: | 3 c_2 = c_4 + 2 c_5 Au: | c_3 = c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_3 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 3 c_6 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3

Structures

+ + ⟶ + +
+ + ⟶ + +

Names

hydrogen chloride + nitric acid + gold ⟶ water + nitrogen dioxide + gold(III) chloride
hydrogen chloride + nitric acid + gold ⟶ water + nitrogen dioxide + gold(III) chloride

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 3 | -3 Au | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HCl | 3 | -3 | ([HCl])^(-3) HNO_3 | 3 | -3 | ([HNO3])^(-3) Au | 1 | -1 | ([Au])^(-1) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 | ([NO2])^3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 | [AuCl3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HCl])^(-3) ([HNO3])^(-3) ([Au])^(-1) ([H2O])^3 ([NO2])^3 [AuCl3] = (([H2O])^3 ([NO2])^3 [AuCl3])/(([HCl])^3 ([HNO3])^3 [Au])
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 3 | -3 Au | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HCl | 3 | -3 | ([HCl])^(-3) HNO_3 | 3 | -3 | ([HNO3])^(-3) Au | 1 | -1 | ([Au])^(-1) H_2O | 3 | 3 | ([H2O])^3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 | ([NO2])^3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 | [AuCl3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HCl])^(-3) ([HNO3])^(-3) ([Au])^(-1) ([H2O])^3 ([NO2])^3 [AuCl3] = (([H2O])^3 ([NO2])^3 [AuCl3])/(([HCl])^3 ([HNO3])^3 [Au])

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 3 | -3 Au | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HCl | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) Au | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Au])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NO_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NO2])/(Δt) AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[AuCl3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Au])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NO2])/(Δt) = (Δ[AuCl3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HCl + HNO_3 + Au ⟶ H_2O + NO_2 + AuCl_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 HCl + 3 HNO_3 + Au ⟶ 3 H_2O + 3 NO_2 + AuCl_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HCl | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 3 | -3 Au | 1 | -1 H_2O | 3 | 3 NO_2 | 3 | 3 AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HCl | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) Au | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Au])/(Δt) H_2O | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NO_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NO2])/(Δt) AuCl_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[AuCl3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = -(Δ[Au])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NO2])/(Δt) = (Δ[AuCl3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | nitrogen dioxide | gold(III) chloride formula | HCl | HNO_3 | Au | H_2O | NO_2 | AuCl_3 Hill formula | ClH | HNO_3 | Au | H_2O | NO_2 | AuCl_3 name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | nitrogen dioxide | gold(III) chloride IUPAC name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | Nitrogen dioxide | trichlorogold
| hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | nitrogen dioxide | gold(III) chloride formula | HCl | HNO_3 | Au | H_2O | NO_2 | AuCl_3 Hill formula | ClH | HNO_3 | Au | H_2O | NO_2 | AuCl_3 name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | nitrogen dioxide | gold(III) chloride IUPAC name | hydrogen chloride | nitric acid | gold | water | Nitrogen dioxide | trichlorogold

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