NaOH + C2H5OH = H2O + C2H5ONa

NaOH sodium hydroxide + CH_3CH_2OH ethanol ⟶ H_2O water + CH_3CH_2ONa sodium ethylate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 NaOH + c_2 CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 CH_3CH_2ONa Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, Na, O and C: H: | c_1 + 6 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 5 c_4 Na: | c_1 = c_4 O: | c_1 + c_2 = c_3 + c_4 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa

+ ⟶ +

sodium hydroxide + ethanol ⟶ water + sodium ethylate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 CH_3CH_2ONa | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression NaOH | 1 | -1 | ([NaOH])^(-1) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) H_2O | 1 | 1 | [H2O] CH_3CH_2ONa | 1 | 1 | [CH3CH2ONa] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([NaOH])^(-1) ([CH3CH2OH])^(-1) [H2O] [CH3CH2ONa] = ([H2O] [CH3CH2ONa])/([NaOH] [CH3CH2OH])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: NaOH + CH_3CH_2OH ⟶ H_2O + CH_3CH_2ONa Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 H_2O | 1 | 1 CH_3CH_2ONa | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term NaOH | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2OH | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) H_2O | 1 | 1 | (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2ONa | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CH3CH2ONa])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2OH])/(Δt) = (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[CH3CH2ONa])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium hydroxide | ethanol | water | sodium ethylate formula | NaOH | CH_3CH_2OH | H_2O | CH_3CH_2ONa Hill formula | HNaO | C_2H_6O | H_2O | C_2H_5NaO name | sodium hydroxide | ethanol | water | sodium ethylate IUPAC name | sodium hydroxide | ethanol | water | sodium ethanolate

| sodium hydroxide | ethanol | water | sodium ethylate molar mass | 39.997 g/mol | 46.07 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 68.051 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 323 °C | -114 °C | 0 °C | 260 °C boiling point | 1390 °C | 78 °C | 99.9839 °C | density | 2.13 g/cm^3 | 0.789 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.868 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | miscible | | reacts surface tension | 0.07435 N/m | 0.02275 N/m | 0.0728 N/m | dynamic viscosity | 0.004 Pa s (at 350 °C) | 0.001074 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | | | odorless |