HNO3 + Al = H2O + NH4NO3 + Al(NO3)

HNO_3 nitric acid + Al aluminum ⟶ H_2O water + NH_4NO_3 ammonium nitrate + Al(NO_3)_3 aluminum nitrate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: HNO_3 + Al ⟶ H_2O + NH_4NO_3 + Al(NO_3)_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 HNO_3 + c_2 Al ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NH_4NO_3 + c_5 Al(NO_3)_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, N, O and Al: H: | c_1 = 2 c_3 + 4 c_4 N: | c_1 = 2 c_4 + 3 c_5 O: | 3 c_1 = c_3 + 3 c_4 + 9 c_5 Al: | c_2 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_4 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 10 c_2 = 8/3 c_3 = 3 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 8/3 Multiply by the least common denominator, 3, to eliminate fractional coefficients: c_1 = 30 c_2 = 8 c_3 = 9 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 8 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 30 HNO_3 + 8 Al ⟶ 9 H_2O + 3 NH_4NO_3 + 8 Al(NO_3)_3

+ ⟶ + +

nitric acid + aluminum ⟶ water + ammonium nitrate + aluminum nitrate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: HNO_3 + Al ⟶ H_2O + NH_4NO_3 + Al(NO_3)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 30 HNO_3 + 8 Al ⟶ 9 H_2O + 3 NH_4NO_3 + 8 Al(NO_3)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 30 | -30 Al | 8 | -8 H_2O | 9 | 9 NH_4NO_3 | 3 | 3 Al(NO_3)_3 | 8 | 8 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression HNO_3 | 30 | -30 | ([HNO3])^(-30) Al | 8 | -8 | ([Al])^(-8) H_2O | 9 | 9 | ([H2O])^9 NH_4NO_3 | 3 | 3 | ([NH4NO3])^3 Al(NO_3)_3 | 8 | 8 | ([Al(NO3)3])^8 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([HNO3])^(-30) ([Al])^(-8) ([H2O])^9 ([NH4NO3])^3 ([Al(NO3)3])^8 = (([H2O])^9 ([NH4NO3])^3 ([Al(NO3)3])^8)/(([HNO3])^30 ([Al])^8)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: HNO_3 + Al ⟶ H_2O + NH_4NO_3 + Al(NO_3)_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 30 HNO_3 + 8 Al ⟶ 9 H_2O + 3 NH_4NO_3 + 8 Al(NO_3)_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i HNO_3 | 30 | -30 Al | 8 | -8 H_2O | 9 | 9 NH_4NO_3 | 3 | 3 Al(NO_3)_3 | 8 | 8 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term HNO_3 | 30 | -30 | -1/30 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) Al | 8 | -8 | -1/8 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) H_2O | 9 | 9 | 1/9 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NH_4NO_3 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[NH4NO3])/(Δt) Al(NO_3)_3 | 8 | 8 | 1/8 (Δ[Al(NO3)3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/30 (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = -1/8 (Δ[Al])/(Δt) = 1/9 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[NH4NO3])/(Δt) = 1/8 (Δ[Al(NO3)3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| nitric acid | aluminum | water | ammonium nitrate | aluminum nitrate formula | HNO_3 | Al | H_2O | NH_4NO_3 | Al(NO_3)_3 Hill formula | HNO_3 | Al | H_2O | H_4N_2O_3 | AlN_3O_9 name | nitric acid | aluminum | water | ammonium nitrate | aluminum nitrate IUPAC name | nitric acid | aluminum | water | | aluminum(+3) cation trinitrate