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oxygen vs thorium vs ruthenium

Input interpretation

oxygen (chemical element) | thorium (chemical element) | ruthenium (chemical element)
oxygen (chemical element) | thorium (chemical element) | ruthenium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium atomic symbol | O | Th | Ru atomic number | 8 | 90 | 44 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^22p^4 | [Rn]7s^26d^2 | [Kr]5s^14d^7 Aufbau diagram | 2p 2s | 6d 7s | 4d 5s block | p | f | d group | 16 | | 8 period | 2 | 7 | 5 atomic mass | 15.999 u | 232.0377 u | 101.07 u half-life | (stable) | 14.06 Gyr | (stable)
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium atomic symbol | O | Th | Ru atomic number | 8 | 90 | 44 short electronic configuration | [He]2s^22p^4 | [Rn]7s^26d^2 | [Kr]5s^14d^7 Aufbau diagram | 2p 2s | 6d 7s | 4d 5s block | p | f | d group | 16 | | 8 period | 2 | 7 | 5 atomic mass | 15.999 u | 232.0377 u | 101.07 u half-life | (stable) | 14.06 Gyr | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium phase at STP | gas | solid | solid melting point | -218.3 °C | 1750 °C | 2334 °C boiling point | -182.9 °C | 4820 °C | 4150 °C critical temperature | 154.59 K | (unknown) | critical pressure | 5.043 MPa | (unknown) | molar heat of fusion | 0.222 kJ/mol | 16 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 3.41 kJ/mol | 530 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 919 J/(kg K) | 118 J/(kg K) | 238 J/(kg K) adiabatic index | 7/5 | | (properties at standard conditions)
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium phase at STP | gas | solid | solid melting point | -218.3 °C | 1750 °C | 2334 °C boiling point | -182.9 °C | 4820 °C | 4150 °C critical temperature | 154.59 K | (unknown) | critical pressure | 5.043 MPa | (unknown) | molar heat of fusion | 0.222 kJ/mol | 16 kJ/mol | 25.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 3.41 kJ/mol | 530 kJ/mol | 580 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 919 J/(kg K) | 118 J/(kg K) | 238 J/(kg K) adiabatic index | 7/5 | | (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium density | 0.001429 g/cm^3 | 11.724 g/cm^3 | 12.37 g/cm^3 liquid density | | (unknown) | 10.65 g/cm^3 molar volume | 11200 cm^3/mol | 19.792 cm^3/mol | 8.171 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | | 3 (≈ calcite) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | | 350 MPa | 2300 MPa Brinell hardness | | 400 MPa | 2160 MPa bulk modulus | | 54 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | | 31 GPa | 173 GPa Young's modulus | | 79 GPa | 447 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.27 | 0.3 tensile yield strength | | 144 MPa | ultimate tensile strength | | 219 MPa | refractive index | 1.000271 | (unknown) | sound speed | 317.5 m/s | 2490 m/s | 5970 m/s thermal expansion | | 1.1×10^-5 K^(-1) | 6.4×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 0.02658 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium density | 0.001429 g/cm^3 | 11.724 g/cm^3 | 12.37 g/cm^3 liquid density | | (unknown) | 10.65 g/cm^3 molar volume | 11200 cm^3/mol | 19.792 cm^3/mol | 8.171 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | | 3 (≈ calcite) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | | 350 MPa | 2300 MPa Brinell hardness | | 400 MPa | 2160 MPa bulk modulus | | 54 GPa | 220 GPa shear modulus | | 31 GPa | 173 GPa Young's modulus | | 79 GPa | 447 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.27 | 0.3 tensile yield strength | | 144 MPa | ultimate tensile strength | | 219 MPa | refractive index | 1.000271 | (unknown) | sound speed | 317.5 m/s | 2490 m/s | 5970 m/s thermal expansion | | 1.1×10^-5 K^(-1) | 6.4×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 0.02658 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) | 120 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium electrical type | | conductor | conductor resistivity | | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7.1×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 1.90772×10^-6 | 8.4×10^-5 | 6.7×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.335×10^-6 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 7.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.42×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 4.27184×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.7×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.48×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | 3.4 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.71 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | | 8.221×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 1.139×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | 1.38 K (kelvins) | 0.49 K (kelvins) color | (colorless) | (silver) | (silver) refractive index | 1.000271 | (unknown) |
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium electrical type | | conductor | conductor resistivity | | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7.1×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 1.90772×10^-6 | 8.4×10^-5 | 6.7×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.335×10^-6 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 7.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 5.42×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 4.27184×10^-8 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.7×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.48×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | 3.4 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.71 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | | 8.221×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 1.139×10^15 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | | 1.38 K (kelvins) | 0.49 K (kelvins) color | (colorless) | (silver) | (silver) refractive index | 1.000271 | (unknown) |

Reactivity

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium valence | 2 | 4 | 6 electronegativity | 3.44 | 1.3 | 2.2 electron affinity | 141 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | (unknown) | 101.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 1313.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 587 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 710.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 1313.9 kJ/mol | 3388.3 kJ/mol | 5300.5 kJ/mol | 7469.2 kJ/mol | 10989.5 kJ/mol | 13326.5 kJ/mol | 71330 kJ/mol | 84078 kJ/mol | 587 kJ/mol | 1110 kJ/mol | 1930 kJ/mol | 2780 kJ/mol | 710.2 kJ/mol | 1620 kJ/mol | 2747 kJ/mol
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium valence | 2 | 4 | 6 electronegativity | 3.44 | 1.3 | 2.2 electron affinity | 141 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | (unknown) | 101.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 1313.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 587 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 710.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 1313.9 kJ/mol | 3388.3 kJ/mol | 5300.5 kJ/mol | 7469.2 kJ/mol | 10989.5 kJ/mol | 13326.5 kJ/mol | 71330 kJ/mol | 84078 kJ/mol | 587 kJ/mol | 1110 kJ/mol | 1930 kJ/mol | 2780 kJ/mol | 710.2 kJ/mol | 1620 kJ/mol | 2747 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3F_2 | ^5F_5 atomic radius | 60 pm | 180 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 66 pm | 206 pm | 146 pm van der Waals radius | 152 pm | (unknown) | (electronic ground state properties)
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3F_2 | ^5F_5 atomic radius | 60 pm | 180 pm | 130 pm covalent radius | 66 pm | 206 pm | 146 pm van der Waals radius | 152 pm | (unknown) | (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium universe abundance | 1 mass% | 4×10^-8 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.9 mass% | 3×10^-8 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 40 mass% | 3.9×10^-6 mass% | 8.1×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 46 mass% | 6×10^-4 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 86 mass% | 4×10^-12 mass% | 7×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 61 mass% | 0 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.08 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.07 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% | 6×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 48 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 33 mol% | 1.1×10^-6 mol% | 4.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 60 mol% | 5.4×10^-5 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 24 mol% | 0 mol% |
| oxygen | thorium | ruthenium universe abundance | 1 mass% | 4×10^-8 mass% | 4×10^-7 mass% solar abundance | 0.9 mass% | 3×10^-8 mass% | 5×10^-7 mass% meteorite abundance | 40 mass% | 3.9×10^-6 mass% | 8.1×10^-5 mass% crust abundance | 46 mass% | 6×10^-4 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% ocean abundance | 86 mass% | 4×10^-12 mass% | 7×10^-11 mass% human abundance | 61 mass% | 0 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.08 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% | 5×10^-9 mol% solar molar abundance | 0.07 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% | 6×10^-9 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 48 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% | 1.6×10^-5 mol% ocean molar abundance | 33 mol% | 1.1×10^-6 mol% | 4.3×10^-12 mol% crust molar abundance | 60 mol% | 5.4×10^-5 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% human molar abundance | 24 mol% | 0 mol% |

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