zinc vs selenium vs germanium vs copper

zinc (chemical element) | selenium (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element) | copper (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration zinc | Zn | 30 | [Ar]4s^23d^10 selenium | Se | 34 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^4 germanium | Ge | 32 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 copper | Cu | 29 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | Aufbau diagram | block | group zinc | 3d 4s | d | 12 selenium | 4p 3d 4s | p | 16 germanium | 4p 3d 4s | p | 14 copper | 3d 4s | d | 11 | period | atomic mass | half-life zinc | 4 | 65.38 u | (stable) selenium | 4 | 78.971 u | (stable) germanium | 4 | 72.63 u | (stable) copper | 4 | 63.546 u | (stable)

phase at STP | all | solid melting point | median | 678.9 °C | highest | 1084.62 °C (copper) | lowest | 221 °C (selenium) | distribution | boiling point | median | 1735 °C | highest | 2820 °C (germanium) | lowest | 685 °C (selenium) molar heat of fusion | median | 10.2 kJ/mol | highest | 31.8 kJ/mol (germanium) | lowest | 5.4 kJ/mol (selenium) | distribution | molar heat of vaporization | median | 210 kJ/mol | highest | 334 kJ/mol (germanium) | lowest | 26 kJ/mol (selenium) | distribution | specific heat at STP | median | 352.9 J/(kg K) | highest | 388 J/(kg K) (zinc) | lowest | 321.2 J/(kg K) (selenium) (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 6.232 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.96 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 4.819 g/cm^3 (selenium) | distribution | liquid density | median | 6.085 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.02 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 3.99 g/cm^3 (selenium) | distribution | molar volume | median | 11.4 cm^3/mol | highest | 16.39 cm^3/mol (selenium) | lowest | 7.092 cm^3/mol (copper) | distribution | Mohs hardness | median | 2.7 | highest | 6 (≈ microcline) (germanium) | lowest | 2 (≈ gypsum) (selenium) | distribution | Vickers hardness | all | 369 MPa | 8010 MPa Brinell hardness | all | 412 MPa | 736 MPa | 874 MPa | 7270 MPa bulk modulus | median | 70 GPa | highest | 140 GPa (copper) | lowest | 8.3 GPa (selenium) | distribution | shear modulus | median | 43 GPa | highest | 48 GPa (copper) | lowest | 3.7 GPa (selenium) Young's modulus | median | 108 GPa | highest | 130 GPa (copper) | lowest | 10 GPa (selenium) Poisson ratio | all | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.34 ultimate tensile strength | all | 37 MPa sound speed | median | 3600 m/s | highest | 5400 m/s (germanium) | lowest | 3350 m/s (selenium) | distribution | thermal expansion | median | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | highest | 3.02×10^-5 K^(-1) (zinc) | lowest | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) (germanium) | distribution | thermal conductivity | median | 90 W/(m K) | highest | 400 W/(m K) (copper) | lowest | 0.52 W/(m K) (selenium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 5.9×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) (germanium) | lowest | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) (copper) electrical conductivity | median | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) (copper) | lowest | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) (germanium) volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.27×10^-5 | highest | -7.98×10^-6 (germanium) | lowest | -1.93×10^-5 (selenium) mass magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.86×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (copper) | lowest | -4×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (selenium) | distribution | molar magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.27×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (copper) | lowest | -3.16×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (selenium) | distribution | work function | all | 5 eV | 5.9 eV | (3.63 to 4.9) eV | (4.48 to 5.1) eV

valence | median | 3 | highest | 6 (selenium) | lowest | 2 (zinc and copper) | distribution | electronegativity | median | 1.96 | highest | 2.55 (selenium) | lowest | 1.65 (zinc) | distribution | electron affinity | median | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 195 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (selenium) | lowest | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (zinc) | distribution | first ionization energy | median | 834 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 941 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (selenium) | lowest | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (copper) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^3P_0 | ^3P_2 atomic radius | median | 130 pm | highest | 135 pm (zinc and copper) | lowest | 115 pm (selenium) | distribution | covalent radius | median | 121 pm | highest | 132 pm (copper) | lowest | 120 pm (selenium and germanium) van der Waals radius | median | 140 pm | highest | 190 pm (selenium) | lowest | 139 pm (zinc) | distribution | (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 1.3×10^-5 mass% | highest | 3×10^-5 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 3×10^-6 mass% (selenium) | distribution | solar abundance | median | 7×10^-5 mass% | highest | 2×10^-4 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 2×10^-5 mass% (germanium) meteorite abundance | median | 0.0066 mass% | highest | 0.018 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 0.0013 mass% (selenium) | distribution | crust abundance | median | 0.0035 mass% | highest | 0.0078 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 5×10^-6 mass% (selenium) | distribution | ocean abundance | median | 1.7×10^-7 mass% | highest | 5×10^-7 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 6×10^-9 mass% (germanium) | distribution | human abundance | median | 1×10^-4 mass% | highest | 0.0033 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 5×10^-6 mass% (selenium) universe molar abundance | median | 2×10^-7 mol% | highest | 6×10^-7 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 5×10^-8 mol% (selenium) | distribution | solar molar abundance | median | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | highest | 3×10^-6 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 3×10^-7 mol% (germanium) meteorite molar abundance | median | 0.0018 mol% | highest | 0.0044 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 2.9×10^-4 mol% (selenium) | distribution | ocean molar abundance | median | 1.6×10^-8 mol% | highest | 4.7×10^-8 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 5.1×10^-10 mol% (germanium) | distribution | crust molar abundance | median | 0.0011 mol% | highest | 0.0025 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 9.9×10^-7 mol% (selenium) human molar abundance | median | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | highest | 3.2×10^-4 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 4×10^-7 mol% (selenium)