NaOH + (COOH)2 = H2O + (COONa)2

NaOH sodium hydroxide + HO_2CCO_2H oxalic acid ⟶ H_2O water + Na_2C_2O_4 sodium oxalate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 NaOH + c_2 HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 Na_2C_2O_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, Na, O and C: H: | c_1 + 2 c_2 = 2 c_3 Na: | c_1 = 2 c_4 O: | c_1 + 4 c_2 = c_3 + 4 c_4 C: | 2 c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4

+ ⟶ +

sodium hydroxide + oxalic acid ⟶ water + sodium oxalate

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 2 | -2 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Na_2C_2O_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression NaOH | 2 | -2 | ([NaOH])^(-2) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 Na_2C_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | [Na2C2O4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([NaOH])^(-2) ([HO2CCO2H])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 [Na2C2O4] = (([H2O])^2 [Na2C2O4])/(([NaOH])^2 [HO2CCO2H])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 NaOH + HO_2CCO_2H ⟶ 2 H_2O + Na_2C_2O_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i NaOH | 2 | -2 HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 Na_2C_2O_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term NaOH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) HO_2CCO_2H | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Na_2C_2O_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Na2C2O4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[NaOH])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HO2CCO2H])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[Na2C2O4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sodium hydroxide | oxalic acid | water | sodium oxalate formula | NaOH | HO_2CCO_2H | H_2O | Na_2C_2O_4 Hill formula | HNaO | C_2H_2O_4 | H_2O | Na_2C_2O_4 name | sodium hydroxide | oxalic acid | water | sodium oxalate IUPAC name | sodium hydroxide | oxalic acid | water | disodium oxalate

| sodium hydroxide | oxalic acid | water | sodium oxalate molar mass | 39.997 g/mol | 90.03 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 134 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 323 °C | 189.5 °C | 0 °C | 260 °C boiling point | 1390 °C | 365 °C | 99.9839 °C | density | 2.13 g/cm^3 | 1.948 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 2.27 g/cm^3 solubility in water | soluble | | | surface tension | 0.07435 N/m | | 0.0728 N/m | dynamic viscosity | 0.004 Pa s (at 350 °C) | | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | | | odorless |