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uranium vs berkelium vs thorium

Input interpretation

uranium (chemical element) | berkelium (chemical element) | thorium (chemical element)
uranium (chemical element) | berkelium (chemical element) | thorium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| uranium | berkelium | thorium atomic symbol | U | Bk | Th atomic number | 92 | 97 | 90 short electronic configuration | [Rn]7s^25f^36d^1 | [Rn]7s^25f^9 | [Rn]7s^26d^2 Aufbau diagram | 6d 5f 7s | 5f 7s | 6d 7s block | f | f | f period | 7 | 7 | 7 atomic mass | 238.02891 u | 247 u | 232.0377 u half-life | 4.47 Gyr | 1380 yr | 14.06 Gyr
| uranium | berkelium | thorium atomic symbol | U | Bk | Th atomic number | 92 | 97 | 90 short electronic configuration | [Rn]7s^25f^36d^1 | [Rn]7s^25f^9 | [Rn]7s^26d^2 Aufbau diagram | 6d 5f 7s | 5f 7s | 6d 7s block | f | f | f period | 7 | 7 | 7 atomic mass | 238.02891 u | 247 u | 232.0377 u half-life | 4.47 Gyr | 1380 yr | 14.06 Gyr

Thermodynamic properties

| uranium | berkelium | thorium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1135 °C | 1050 °C | 1750 °C boiling point | 3927 °C | | 4820 °C molar heat of fusion | 14 kJ/mol | | 16 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 420 kJ/mol | | 530 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 116 J/(kg K) | | 118 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| uranium | berkelium | thorium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1135 °C | 1050 °C | 1750 °C boiling point | 3927 °C | | 4820 °C molar heat of fusion | 14 kJ/mol | | 16 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 420 kJ/mol | | 530 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 116 J/(kg K) | | 118 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| uranium | berkelium | thorium density | 19.05 g/cm^3 | 14.78 g/cm^3 | 11.724 g/cm^3 liquid density | 17.3 g/cm^3 | | (unknown) molar volume | 12.495 cm^3/mol | 16.7 cm^3/mol | 19.792 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | | 3 (≈ calcite) Vickers hardness | 1960 MPa | | 350 MPa Brinell hardness | 2400 MPa | | 400 MPa bulk modulus | 100 GPa | | 54 GPa shear modulus | 111 GPa | | 31 GPa Young's modulus | 208 GPa | | 79 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.23 | | 0.27 tensile yield strength | | | 144 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 219 MPa sound speed | 3155 m/s | | 2490 m/s thermal expansion | 1.39×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 1.1×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 27 W/(m K) | 10 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| uranium | berkelium | thorium density | 19.05 g/cm^3 | 14.78 g/cm^3 | 11.724 g/cm^3 liquid density | 17.3 g/cm^3 | | (unknown) molar volume | 12.495 cm^3/mol | 16.7 cm^3/mol | 19.792 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | | 3 (≈ calcite) Vickers hardness | 1960 MPa | | 350 MPa Brinell hardness | 2400 MPa | | 400 MPa bulk modulus | 100 GPa | | 54 GPa shear modulus | 111 GPa | | 31 GPa Young's modulus | 208 GPa | | 79 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.23 | | 0.27 tensile yield strength | | | 144 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | | 219 MPa sound speed | 3155 m/s | | 2490 m/s thermal expansion | 1.39×10^-5 K^(-1) | | 1.1×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 27 W/(m K) | 10 W/(m K) | 54 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| uranium | thorium electrical type | conductor | conductor resistivity | 2.8×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 3.6×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 4.11×10^-4 | 8.4×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 2.16×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 7.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.14×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.7×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (3.63 to 3.9) eV | 3.4 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (8.777×10^14 to 9.43×10^14) Hz (hertz) | 8.221×10^14 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.68 K (kelvins) | 1.38 K (kelvins) color | (silver) | (silver)
| uranium | thorium electrical type | conductor | conductor resistivity | 2.8×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 3.6×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 4.11×10^-4 | 8.4×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 2.16×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 7.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 5.14×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.7×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | (3.63 to 3.9) eV | 3.4 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | (8.777×10^14 to 9.43×10^14) Hz (hertz) | 8.221×10^14 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 0.68 K (kelvins) | 1.38 K (kelvins) color | (silver) | (silver)

Reactivity

| uranium | berkelium | thorium valence | 6 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 1.38 | 1.3 | 1.3 first ionization energy | 597.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 601 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 587 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 597.6 kJ/mol | 1420 kJ/mol | 601 kJ/mol | 587 kJ/mol | 1110 kJ/mol | 1930 kJ/mol | 2780 kJ/mol
| uranium | berkelium | thorium valence | 6 | 4 | 4 electronegativity | 1.38 | 1.3 | 1.3 first ionization energy | 597.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 601 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 587 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 597.6 kJ/mol | 1420 kJ/mol | 601 kJ/mol | 587 kJ/mol | 1110 kJ/mol | 1930 kJ/mol | 2780 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| uranium | berkelium | thorium term symbol | ^5L_6 | ^6H_(15/2) | ^3F_2 atomic radius | 175 pm | | 180 pm covalent radius | 196 pm | | 206 pm van der Waals radius | 186 pm | | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)
| uranium | berkelium | thorium term symbol | ^5L_6 | ^6H_(15/2) | ^3F_2 atomic radius | 175 pm | | 180 pm covalent radius | 196 pm | | 206 pm van der Waals radius | 186 pm | | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| uranium | berkelium | thorium universe abundance | 2×10^-8 mass% | | 4×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 3×10^-8 mass% meteorite abundance | 9.8×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 3.9×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 1.8×10^-4 mass% | 0 mass% | 6×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 3.3×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 4×10^-12 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-10 mol% | | 2×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 4×10^-10 mol% | 0 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 0 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% ocean molar abundance | 8.6×10^-9 mol% | 0 mol% | 1.1×10^-6 mol% crust molar abundance | 1.5×10^-5 mol% | 0 mol% | 5.4×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-9 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol%
| uranium | berkelium | thorium universe abundance | 2×10^-8 mass% | | 4×10^-8 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 3×10^-8 mass% meteorite abundance | 9.8×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 3.9×10^-6 mass% crust abundance | 1.8×10^-4 mass% | 0 mass% | 6×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 3.3×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 4×10^-12 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-7 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-10 mol% | | 2×10^-10 mol% solar molar abundance | 4×10^-10 mol% | 0 mol% | 2×10^-10 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 0 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% ocean molar abundance | 8.6×10^-9 mol% | 0 mol% | 1.1×10^-6 mol% crust molar abundance | 1.5×10^-5 mol% | 0 mol% | 5.4×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 3×10^-9 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol%

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