H2O + Na2O2 + Ca(ClO)2 = O2 + NaCl + Ca(OH)2

H_2O water + Na_2O_2 sodium peroxide + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ O_2 oxygen + NaCl sodium chloride + Ca(OH)_2 calcium hydroxide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + Na_2O_2 + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ O_2 + NaCl + Ca(OH)_2 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 Na_2O_2 + c_3 Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ c_4 O_2 + c_5 NaCl + c_6 Ca(OH)_2 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, Na, Ca and Cl: H: | 2 c_1 = 2 c_6 O: | c_1 + 2 c_2 + 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 + 2 c_6 Na: | 2 c_2 = c_5 Ca: | c_3 = c_6 Cl: | 2 c_3 = c_5 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 3/2 c_5 = 2 c_6 = 1 Multiply by the least common denominator, 2, to eliminate fractional coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 3 c_5 = 4 c_6 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 H_2O + 2 Na_2O_2 + 2 Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ 3 O_2 + 4 NaCl + 2 Ca(OH)_2

+ + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ + +

water + sodium peroxide + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ oxygen + sodium chloride + calcium hydroxide

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + Na_2O_2 + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ O_2 + NaCl + Ca(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + 2 Na_2O_2 + 2 Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ 3 O_2 + 4 NaCl + 2 Ca(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Na_2O_2 | 2 | -2 Ca(ClO)2 | 2 | -2 O_2 | 3 | 3 NaCl | 4 | 4 Ca(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 2 | -2 | ([H2O])^(-2) Na_2O_2 | 2 | -2 | ([Na2O2])^(-2) Ca(ClO)2 | 2 | -2 | ([Ca(ClO)2])^(-2) O_2 | 3 | 3 | ([O2])^3 NaCl | 4 | 4 | ([NaCl])^4 Ca(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | ([Ca(OH)2])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-2) ([Na2O2])^(-2) ([Ca(ClO)2])^(-2) ([O2])^3 ([NaCl])^4 ([Ca(OH)2])^2 = (([O2])^3 ([NaCl])^4 ([Ca(OH)2])^2)/(([H2O])^2 ([Na2O2])^2 ([Ca(ClO)2])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + Na_2O_2 + Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ O_2 + NaCl + Ca(OH)_2 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + 2 Na_2O_2 + 2 Ca(ClO)2 ⟶ 3 O_2 + 4 NaCl + 2 Ca(OH)_2 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 Na_2O_2 | 2 | -2 Ca(ClO)2 | 2 | -2 O_2 | 3 | 3 NaCl | 4 | 4 Ca(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) Na_2O_2 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[Na2O2])/(Δt) Ca(ClO)2 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[Ca(ClO)2])/(Δt) O_2 | 3 | 3 | 1/3 (Δ[O2])/(Δt) NaCl | 4 | 4 | 1/4 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) Ca(OH)_2 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[Na2O2])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[Ca(ClO)2])/(Δt) = 1/3 (Δ[O2])/(Δt) = 1/4 (Δ[NaCl])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[Ca(OH)2])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| water | sodium peroxide | Ca(ClO)2 | oxygen | sodium chloride | calcium hydroxide formula | H_2O | Na_2O_2 | Ca(ClO)2 | O_2 | NaCl | Ca(OH)_2 Hill formula | H_2O | Na_2O_2 | CaCl2O2 | O_2 | ClNa | CaH_2O_2 name | water | sodium peroxide | | oxygen | sodium chloride | calcium hydroxide IUPAC name | water | disodium peroxide | | molecular oxygen | sodium chloride | calcium dihydroxide

| water | sodium peroxide | Ca(ClO)2 | oxygen | sodium chloride | calcium hydroxide molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 77.978 g/mol | 143 g/mol | 31.998 g/mol | 58.44 g/mol | 74.092 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | | gas (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | 660 °C | | -218 °C | 801 °C | 550 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | | | -183 °C | 1413 °C | density | 1 g/cm^3 | 2.805 g/cm^3 | | 0.001429 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 2.16 g/cm^3 | 2.24 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | reacts | | | soluble | slightly soluble surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | 0.01347 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | | 2.055×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | odor | odorless | | | odorless | odorless | odorless