H2SO4 + KMnO4 + P = K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H3PO4

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + KMnO_4 potassium permanganate + P red phosphorus ⟶ K_2SO_4 potassium sulfate + MnSO_4 manganese(II) sulfate + H_3PO_4 phosphoric acid

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + H_3PO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 KMnO_4 + c_3 P ⟶ c_4 K_2SO_4 + c_5 MnSO_4 + c_6 H_3PO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, K, Mn and P: H: | 2 c_1 = 3 c_6 O: | 4 c_1 + 4 c_2 = 4 c_4 + 4 c_5 + 4 c_6 S: | c_1 = c_4 + c_5 K: | c_2 = 2 c_4 Mn: | c_2 = c_5 P: | c_3 = c_6 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_4 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 c_5 = 2 c_6 = 2 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 2 P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 2 H_3PO_4

+ + ⟶ + +

sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate + red phosphorus ⟶ potassium sulfate + manganese(II) sulfate + phosphoric acid

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + H_3PO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 2 P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 2 H_3PO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 P | 2 | -2 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 H_3PO_4 | 2 | 2 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | ([H2SO4])^(-3) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | ([KMnO4])^(-2) P | 2 | -2 | ([P])^(-2) K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [K2SO4] MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([MnSO4])^2 H_3PO_4 | 2 | 2 | ([H3PO4])^2 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-3) ([KMnO4])^(-2) ([P])^(-2) [K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([H3PO4])^2 = ([K2SO4] ([MnSO4])^2 ([H3PO4])^2)/(([H2SO4])^3 ([KMnO4])^2 ([P])^2)

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + KMnO_4 + P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + MnSO_4 + H_3PO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2SO_4 + 2 KMnO_4 + 2 P ⟶ K_2SO_4 + 2 MnSO_4 + 2 H_3PO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 P | 2 | -2 K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 H_3PO_4 | 2 | 2 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) KMnO_4 | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) P | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[P])/(Δt) K_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) MnSO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) H_3PO_4 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H3PO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[KMnO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[P])/(Δt) = (Δ[K2SO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[MnSO4])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H3PO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | red phosphorus | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | phosphoric acid formula | H_2SO_4 | KMnO_4 | P | K_2SO_4 | MnSO_4 | H_3PO_4 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | KMnO_4 | P | K_2O_4S | MnSO_4 | H_3O_4P name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | red phosphorus | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | phosphoric acid IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | phosphorus | dipotassium sulfate | manganese(+2) cation sulfate | phosphoric acid

| sulfuric acid | potassium permanganate | red phosphorus | potassium sulfate | manganese(II) sulfate | phosphoric acid molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 158.03 g/mol | 30.973761998 g/mol | 174.25 g/mol | 150.99 g/mol | 97.994 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | 240 °C | 579.2 °C | | 710 °C | 42.4 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | | | | | 158 °C density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 2.16 g/cm^3 | | 3.25 g/cm^3 | 1.685 g/cm^3 solubility in water | very soluble | | insoluble | soluble | soluble | very soluble surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | | | | | dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 20.2 °C) | | | odor | odorless | odorless | | | | odorless