sulfur vs iodine vs germanium

sulfur (chemical element) | iodine (chemical element) | germanium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| sulfur | iodine | germanium atomic symbol | S | I | Ge atomic number | 16 | 53 | 32 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Kr]5s^24d^105p^5 | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 5p 4d 5s | 4p 3d 4s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 17 | 14 period | 3 | 5 | 4 atomic mass | 32.06 u | 126.90447 u | 72.63 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| sulfur | iodine | germanium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 115.21 °C | 113.7 °C | 938.3 °C boiling point | 444.72 °C | 184.3 °C | 2820 °C critical temperature | 1314 K | 819 K | (unknown) critical pressure | 20.7 MPa | 11.7 MPa | (unknown) molar heat of fusion | 1.73 kJ/mol | 7.76 kJ/mol | 31.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 9.8 kJ/mol | 20.9 kJ/mol | 334 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 705 J/(kg K) | 429 J/(kg K) | 321.4 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| sulfur | iodine | germanium density | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 4.94 g/cm^3 | 5.323 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.819 g/cm^3 | | 5.6 g/cm^3 molar volume | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 25.69 cm^3/mol | 13.64 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2 (≈ gypsum) | | 6 (≈ microcline) Vickers hardness | | | 8010 MPa Brinell hardness | | | 7270 MPa bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa | 7.7 GPa | (unknown) refractive index | 1.001111 | | (unknown) sound speed | | | 5400 m/s thermal expansion | | | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m K) | 0.449 W/(m K) | 60 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| sulfur | iodine | germanium electrical type | insulator | insulator | semiconductor resistivity | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^-7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.22×10^-5 | -2.22×10^-5 | -7.98×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -4.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.14×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | | | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) color | (yellow) | (slate gray) | (gray) refractive index | 1.001111 | | (unknown)

| sulfur | iodine | germanium valence | 6 | 7 | 4 electronegativity | 2.58 | 2.66 | 2.01 electron affinity | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 295.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1008.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 1008.4 kJ/mol | 1845.9 kJ/mol | 3180 kJ/mol | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| sulfur | iodine | germanium term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^2P_(3/2) | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 100 pm | 140 pm | 125 pm covalent radius | 105 pm | 139 pm | 120 pm van der Waals radius | 180 pm | 198 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| sulfur | iodine | germanium universe abundance | 0.05 mass% | 1×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% solar abundance | 0.04 mass% | | 2×10^-5 mass% meteorite abundance | 4 mass% | 2.5×10^-5 mass% | 0.0021 mass% crust abundance | 0.042 mass% | 4.9×10^-5 mass% | 1.4×10^-4 mass% ocean abundance | 0.093 mass% | 6×10^-6 mass% | 6×10^-9 mass% human abundance | 0.2 mass% | 2×10^-5 mass% | universe molar abundance | 0.002 mol% | 1×10^-9 mol% | 3×10^-7 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | | 3×10^-7 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2.2 mol% | 3×10^-6 mol% | 4.9×10^-4 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.018 mol% | 2.9×10^-7 mol% | 5.1×10^-10 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.027 mol% | 8×10^-6 mol% | 3.9×10^-5 mol% human molar abundance | 0.039 mol% | 1×10^-6 mol% |

| sulfur | iodine | germanium half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable) stable isotopes | S-32 (95.02%) | S-34 (4.21%) | S-33 (0.75%) | S-36 (2×10^-4) | I-127 (100%) | Ge-74 (36.73%) | Ge-72 (27.31%) | Ge-70 (20.37%) | Ge-73 (7.76%) nuclear spin | S-26: 0^+ | S-27: 5/2^+ | S-28: 0^+ | S-29: 5/2^+ | S-30: 0^+ | S-31: 1/2^+ | S-32: 0^+ | S-33: 3/2^+ | S-34: 0^+ | S-35: 3/2^+ | S-36: 0^+ | S-37: 7/2^- | S-38: 0^+ | S-39: 7/2^- | S-40: 0^+ | S-41: 7/2^- | S-42: 0^+ | S-43: 3/2^- | S-44: 0^+ | S-45: 3/2^- | S-46: 0^+ | S-47: 3/2^- | S-48: 0^+ | S-49: 3/2^- | I-108: 1^+ | I-109: 1/2^+ | I-110: 1^+ | I-111: 5/2^+ | I-112: 1^+ | I-113: 5/2^+ | I-114: 1^+ | I-115: 5/2^+ | I-116: 1^+ | I-117: 5/2^+ | I-118: 2^- | I-119: 5/2^+ | I-120: 2^- | I-121: 5/2^+ | I-122: 1^+ | I-123: 5/2^+ | I-124: 2^- | I-125: 5/2^+ | I-126: 2^- | I-127: 5/2^+ | I-128: 1^+ | I-129: 7/2^+ | I-130: 5^+ | I-131: 7/2^+ | I-132: 4^+ | I-133: 7/2^+ | I-134: 4^+ | I-135: 7/2^+ | I-136: 1^- | I-137: 7/2^+ | I-138: 2^- | I-139: 7/2^+ | I-140: 4^- | I-141: 7/2^+ | I-142: 2^- | I-143: 7/2^+ | I-144: 1^- | Ge-58: 0^+ | Ge-59: 7/2^- | Ge-60: 0^+ | Ge-61: 3/2^- | Ge-62: 0^+ | Ge-63: 3/2^- | Ge-64: 0^+ | Ge-65: 3/2^- | Ge-66: 0^+ | Ge-67: 1/2^- | Ge-68: 0^+ | Ge-69: 5/2^- | Ge-70: 0^+ | Ge-71: 1/2^- | Ge-72: 0^+ | Ge-73: 9/2^+ | Ge-74: 0^+ | Ge-75: 1/2^- | Ge-76: 0^+ | Ge-77: 7/2^+ | Ge-78: 0^+ | Ge-79: 1/2^- | Ge-80: 0^+ | Ge-81: 9/2^+ | Ge-82: 0^+ | Ge-83: 5/2^+ | Ge-84: 0^+ | Ge-85: 5/2^+ | Ge-86: 0^+ | Ge-87: 5/2^+ | Ge-88: 0^+ | Ge-89: 3/2^+ unstable isotopes | S-35 (87.51 days) | S-38 (170.33 min) | S-37 (5.05 min) | S-39 (11.5 s) | S-40 (8.8 s) | S-31 (2.572 s) | S-41 (1.99 s) | S-30 (1.178 s) | S-42 (1.013 s) | S-43 (280 ms) | S-29 (187 ms) | S-28 (125 ms) | S-44 (100 ms) | S-45 (68 ms) | S-46 (50 ms) | S-47 (20 ms) | S-27 (15.5 ms) | S-26 (10 ms) | S-49 (200 ns) | S-48 (200 ns) | I-129 (15.7 Myr) | I-125 (59.4 days) | I-126 (12.93 days) | I-131 (8.0252 days) | I-124 (100.2 h) | I-133 (20.8 h) | I-123 (13.2235 h) | I-130 (12.4 h) | I-135 (6.58 h) | I-132 (137.7 min) | I-121 (127.2 min) | I-120 (82 min) | I-134 (52.5 min) | I-128 (24.98 min) | I-119 (19.1 min) | I-118 (13.7 min) | I-122 (218 s) | I-117 (133 s) | I-136 (83.4 s) | I-115 (78 s) | I-137 (24.5 s) | I-113 (6.6 s) | I-138 (6.23 s) | I-112 (3.42 s) | I-116 (2.91 s) | I-111 (2.5 s) | I-139 (2.28 s) | I-114 (2.1 s) | I-140 (860 ms) | I-110 (650 ms) | I-141 (430 ms) | I-142 (200 ms) | I-108 (36 ms) | I-109 (103 µs) | I-144 (300 ns) | I-143 (150 ns) | Ge-68 (270.9 days) | Ge-71 (11.43 days) | Ge-69 (39.06 h) | Ge-77 (11.3 h) | Ge-66 (135.7 min) | Ge-78 (88 min) | Ge-75 (82.78 min) | Ge-67 (18.9 min) | Ge-64 (63.7 s) | Ge-65 (30.9 s) | Ge-80 (29.5 s) | Ge-79 (18.98 s) | Ge-81 (7.6 s) | Ge-82 (4.55 s) | Ge-83 (1.85 s) | Ge-84 (947 ms) | Ge-85 (535 ms) | Ge-63 (142 ms) | Ge-87 (140 ms) | Ge-89 (50 ms) | Ge-61 (39 ms) | Ge-60 (30 ms) | Ge-88 (300 ns) | Ge-86 (150 ns) | Ge-62 (150 ns) neutron cross-section | 0.52 b | 6.2 b | 2.2 b neutron mass absorption | 5.5×10^-4 m^2/kg | 0.0018 m^2/kg | 0.0011 m^2/kg

| sulfur | iodine | germanium CAS number | 7704-34-9 | 7553-56-2 | 7440-56-4 PubChem CID number | | 807 | 6326954