copper vs nickel vs iron

copper (chemical element) | nickel (chemical element) | iron (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| copper | nickel | iron atomic symbol | Cu | Ni | Fe atomic number | 29 | 28 | 26 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^13d^10 | [Ar]4s^23d^8 | [Ar]4s^23d^6 Aufbau diagram | 3d 4s | 3d 4s | 3d 4s block | d | d | d group | 11 | 10 | 8 period | 4 | 4 | 4 atomic mass | 63.546 u | 58.6934 u | 55.845 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| copper | nickel | iron phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 1084.62 °C | 1455 °C | 1538 °C boiling point | 2562 °C | 2913 °C | 2861 °C molar heat of fusion | 13.1 kJ/mol | 17.2 kJ/mol | 13.8 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 300 kJ/mol | 378 kJ/mol | 347 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 384.4 J/(kg K) | 445 J/(kg K) | 449 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | nickel | iron density | 8.96 g/cm^3 | 8.908 g/cm^3 | 7.874 g/cm^3 liquid density | 8.02 g/cm^3 | 7.81 g/cm^3 | 6.98 g/cm^3 molar volume | 7.092 cm^3/mol | 6.589 cm^3/mol | 7.092 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | 4 (≈ fluorite) | 4 (≈ fluorite) Vickers hardness | 369 MPa | 638 MPa | 608 MPa Brinell hardness | 874 MPa | 700 MPa | 490 MPa bulk modulus | 140 GPa | 180 GPa | 170 GPa shear modulus | 48 GPa | 76 GPa | 82 GPa Young's modulus | 130 GPa | 200 GPa | 211 GPa Poisson ratio | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.29 tensile yield strength | | 59 MPa | 50 MPa ultimate tensile strength | | 317 MPa | sound speed | 3570 m/s | 4970 m/s | 4910 m/s thermal expansion | 1.65×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.34×10^-5 K^(-1) | 1.18×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 400 W/(m K) | 91 W/(m K) | 80 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| copper | nickel | iron electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 9.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1.4×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | ferromagnetic | ferromagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -9.63×10^-6 | | mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | | molar magnetic susceptibility | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | | Curie point | | 631 K (kelvins) | 1043 K (kelvins) work function | (4.48 to 5.1) eV | (5.04 to 5.35) eV | (4.67 to 4.81) eV threshold frequency | (1.083×10^15 to 1.233×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.219×10^15 to 1.294×10^15) Hz (hertz) | (1.129×10^15 to 1.163×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (copper) | (gray) | (gray)

| copper | nickel | iron valence | 2 | 2 | 3 electronegativity | 1.9 | 1.91 | 1.83 electron affinity | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 112 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 15.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 745.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 737.1 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 762.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 745.5 kJ/mol | 1957.9 kJ/mol | 3555 kJ/mol | 5536 kJ/mol | 7700 kJ/mol | 9900 kJ/mol | 13400 kJ/mol | 16000 kJ/mol | 19200 kJ/mol | 22400 kJ/mol | 25600 kJ/mol | 35600 kJ/mol | 38700 kJ/mol | 42000 kJ/mol | 46700 kJ/mol | 50200 kJ/mol | 53700 kJ/mol | 61100 kJ/mol | 64702 kJ/mol | 163700 kJ/mol | 174100 kJ/mol | 737.1 kJ/mol | 1753 kJ/mol | 3395 kJ/mol | 5300 kJ/mol | 7339 kJ/mol | 10400 kJ/mol | 12800 kJ/mol | 15600 kJ/mol | 18600 kJ/mol | 21670 kJ/mol | 30970 kJ/mol | 34000 kJ/mol | 37100 kJ/mol | 41500 kJ/mol | 44800 kJ/mol | 48100 kJ/mol | 55101 kJ/mol | 58570 kJ/mol | 148700 kJ/mol | 159000 kJ/mol | 169400 kJ/mol | 762.5 kJ/mol | 1561.9 kJ/mol | 2957 kJ/mol | 5290 kJ/mol | 7240 kJ/mol | 9560 kJ/mol | 12060 kJ/mol | 14580 kJ/mol | 22540 kJ/mol | 25290 kJ/mol | 28000 kJ/mol | 31920 kJ/mol | 34830 kJ/mol | 37840 kJ/mol | 44100 kJ/mol | 47206 kJ/mol | 122200 kJ/mol | 131000 kJ/mol | 140500 kJ/mol | 152600 kJ/mol | 163000 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| copper | nickel | iron term symbol | ^2S_(1/2) | ^3F_4 | ^5D_4 atomic radius | 135 pm | 135 pm | 140 pm covalent radius | 132 pm | 124 pm | 132 pm van der Waals radius | 140 pm | 163 pm | (unknown) (electronic ground state properties)

| copper | nickel | iron universe abundance | 6×10^-6 mass% | 0.006 mass% | 0.11 mass% solar abundance | 7×10^-5 mass% | 0.008 mass% | 0.1 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.011 mass% | 1.3 mass% | 22 mass% crust abundance | 0.0068 mass% | 0.0089 mass% | 6.3 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-7 mass% | 2×10^-7 mass% | 3×10^-7 mass% human abundance | 1×10^-4 mass% | 1×10^-5 mass% | 0.006 mass% universe molar abundance | 1×10^-7 mol% | 1×10^-4 mol% | 0.002 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-7 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 0.0031 mol% | 0.44 mol% | 7.8 mol% ocean molar abundance | 2.9×10^-8 mol% | 2.1×10^-8 mol% | 3.3×10^-8 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0022 mol% | 0.0032 mol% | 2.3 mol% human molar abundance | 9.9×10^-6 mol% | 1.1×10^-6 mol% | 6.7×10^-4 mol%