germanium vs tellurium vs silicon

germanium (chemical element) | tellurium (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| germanium | tellurium | silicon atomic symbol | Ge | Te | Si atomic number | 32 | 52 | 14 short electronic configuration | [Ar]4s^23d^104p^2 | [Kr]5s^24d^105p^4 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 Aufbau diagram | 4p 3d 4s | 5p 4d 5s | 3p 3s block | p | p | p group | 14 | 16 | 14 period | 4 | 5 | 3 atomic mass | 72.63 u | 127.6 u | 28.085 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| germanium | tellurium | silicon phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 938.3 °C | 449.51 °C | 1414 °C boiling point | 2820 °C | 988 °C | 2900 °C molar heat of fusion | 31.8 kJ/mol | 17.5 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 334 kJ/mol | 48 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 321.4 J/(kg K) | 201 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | tellurium | silicon density | 5.323 g/cm^3 | 6.24 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 liquid density | 5.6 g/cm^3 | 5.7 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 molar volume | 13.64 cm^3/mol | 20.45 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 6 (≈ microcline) | 2.25 (between gypsum and calcite) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) Vickers hardness | 8010 MPa | | 9630 MPa Brinell hardness | 7270 MPa | 180 MPa | bulk modulus | (unknown) | 65 GPa | 100 GPa shear modulus | (unknown) | 16 GPa | Young's modulus | (unknown) | 43 GPa | 47 GPa ultimate tensile strength | | 11 MPa | refractive index | (unknown) | 1.000991 | sound speed | 5400 m/s | 2610 m/s | 2200 m/s thermal expansion | 6×10^-6 K^(-1) | | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 60 W/(m K) | 3 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| germanium | tellurium | silicon electrical type | semiconductor | semiconductor | semiconductor resistivity | 5×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-4 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 10000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -7.98×10^-6 | -2.43×10^-5 | -3.73×10^-6 mass magnetic susceptibility | -1.5×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -3.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.09×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.98×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 5 eV (Polycrystalline) | 4.95 eV (Polycrystalline) | (4.6 to 4.91) eV threshold frequency | 1.209×10^15 Hz (hertz) | 1.197×10^15 Hz (hertz) | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) color | (gray) | (silver) | (gray) refractive index | (unknown) | 1.000991 |

| germanium | tellurium | silicon valence | 4 | 6 | 4 electronegativity | 2.01 | 2.1 | 1.9 electron affinity | 119 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 190.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 762 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 869.3 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 762 kJ/mol | 1537.5 kJ/mol | 3302.1 kJ/mol | 4411 kJ/mol | 9020 kJ/mol | 869.3 kJ/mol | 1790 kJ/mol | 2698 kJ/mol | 3610 kJ/mol | 5668 kJ/mol | 6820 kJ/mol | 13200 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| germanium | tellurium | silicon term symbol | ^3P_0 | ^3P_2 | ^3P_0 atomic radius | 125 pm | 140 pm | 110 pm covalent radius | 120 pm | 138 pm | 111 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | 206 pm | 210 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| germanium | tellurium | silicon universe abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | 9×10^-7 mass% | 0.07 mass% solar abundance | 2×10^-5 mass% | | 0.09 mass% meteorite abundance | 0.0021 mass% | 2.1×10^-4 mass% | 14 mass% crust abundance | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | 9.9×10^-8 mass% | 27 mass% ocean abundance | 6×10^-9 mass% | | 1×10^-4 mass% human abundance | | | 0.026 mass% universe molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 9×10^-9 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | | 0.004 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.9×10^-4 mol% | 3×10^-5 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | 5.1×10^-10 mol% | | 2.2×10^-5 mol% crust molar abundance | 3.9×10^-5 mol% | 2×10^-8 mol% | 20 mol% human molar abundance | | | 0.0058 mol%

| germanium | tellurium | silicon half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable) stable isotopes | Ge-74 (36.73%) | Ge-72 (27.31%) | Ge-70 (20.37%) | Ge-73 (7.76%) | Te-126 (18.84%) | Te-125 (7.07%) | Te-124 (4.74%) | Te-122 (2.55%) | Te-120 (9×10^-4) | Si-28 (92.23%) | Si-29 (4.683%) | Si-30 (3.087%) nuclear spin | Ge-58: 0^+ | Ge-59: 7/2^- | Ge-60: 0^+ | Ge-61: 3/2^- | Ge-62: 0^+ | Ge-63: 3/2^- | Ge-64: 0^+ | Ge-65: 3/2^- | Ge-66: 0^+ | Ge-67: 1/2^- | Ge-68: 0^+ | Ge-69: 5/2^- | Ge-70: 0^+ | Ge-71: 1/2^- | Ge-72: 0^+ | Ge-73: 9/2^+ | Ge-74: 0^+ | Ge-75: 1/2^- | Ge-76: 0^+ | Ge-77: 7/2^+ | Ge-78: 0^+ | Ge-79: 1/2^- | Ge-80: 0^+ | Ge-81: 9/2^+ | Ge-82: 0^+ | Ge-83: 5/2^+ | Ge-84: 0^+ | Ge-85: 5/2^+ | Ge-86: 0^+ | Ge-87: 5/2^+ | Ge-88: 0^+ | Ge-89: 3/2^+ | Te-105: 5/2^+ | Te-106: 0^+ | Te-107: 5/2^+ | Te-108: 0^+ | Te-109: 5/2^+ | Te-110: 0^+ | Te-111: 5/2^+ | Te-112: 0^+ | Te-113: 7/2^+ | Te-114: 0^+ | Te-115: 7/2^+ | Te-116: 0^+ | Te-117: 1/2^+ | Te-118: 0^+ | Te-119: 1/2^+ | Te-120: 0^+ | Te-121: 1/2^+ | Te-122: 0^+ | Te-123: 1/2^+ | Te-124: 0^+ | Te-125: 1/2^+ | Te-126: 0^+ | Te-127: 3/2^+ | Te-128: 0^+ | Te-129: 3/2^+ | Te-130: 0^+ | Te-131: 3/2^+ | Te-132: 0^+ | Te-133: 3/2^+ | Te-134: 0^+ | Te-135: 7/2^- | Te-136: 0^+ | Te-137: 7/2^- | Te-138: 0^+ | Te-139: 7/2^- | Te-140: 0^+ | Te-141: 5/2^- | Te-142: 0^+ | Si-22: 0^+ | Si-23: 5/2^+ | Si-24: 0^+ | Si-25: 5/2^+ | Si-26: 0^+ | Si-27: 5/2^+ | Si-28: 0^+ | Si-29: 1/2^+ | Si-30: 0^+ | Si-31: 3/2^+ | Si-32: 0^+ | Si-33: 3/2^+ | Si-34: 0^+ | Si-35: 7/2^- | Si-36: 0^+ | Si-37: 7/2^- | Si-38: 0^+ | Si-39: 7/2^- | Si-40: 0^+ | Si-41: 7/2^- | Si-42: 0^+ | Si-43: 3/2^- | Si-44: 0^+ unstable isotopes | Ge-68 (270.9 days) | Ge-71 (11.43 days) | Ge-69 (39.06 h) | Ge-77 (11.3 h) | Ge-66 (135.7 min) | Ge-78 (88 min) | Ge-75 (82.78 min) | Ge-67 (18.9 min) | Ge-64 (63.7 s) | Ge-65 (30.9 s) | Ge-80 (29.5 s) | Ge-79 (18.98 s) | Ge-81 (7.6 s) | Ge-82 (4.55 s) | Ge-83 (1.85 s) | Ge-84 (947 ms) | Ge-85 (535 ms) | Ge-63 (142 ms) | Ge-87 (140 ms) | Ge-89 (50 ms) | Ge-61 (39 ms) | Ge-60 (30 ms) | Ge-88 (300 ns) | Ge-86 (150 ns) | Ge-62 (150 ns) | Te-130 (5×10^23 yr) | Te-128 (8.8×10^18 yr) | Te-123 (92 quadrillion yr) | Te-121 (19.16 days) | Te-118 (140 h) | Te-132 (76.89 h) | Te-119 (16.05 h) | Te-127 (9.36 h) | Te-116 (149.3 min) | Te-129 (69.67 min) | Te-117 (62 min) | Te-134 (41.83 min) | Te-131 (25 min) | Te-114 (15.2 min) | Te-133 (12.5 min) | Te-115 (5.83 min) | Te-112 (120 s) | Te-113 (100 s) | Te-135 (19 s) | Te-111 (19.3 s) | Te-110 (18.6 s) | Te-136 (17.63 s) | Te-109 (4.6 s) | Te-137 (2.49 s) | Te-108 (2.1 s) | Te-138 (1.4 s) | Te-140 (300 ms) | Te-107 (3.1 ms) | Te-106 (70 µs) | Te-105 (620 ns) | Te-142 (150 ns) | Te-141 (150 ns) | Te-139 (150 ns) | Si-32 (153 yr) | Si-31 (157.3 min) | Si-33 (6.11 s) | Si-27 (4.16 s) | Si-34 (2.77 s) | Si-26 (2.234 s) | Si-35 (780 ms) | Si-36 (450 ms) | Si-25 (220 ms) | Si-24 (140 ms) | Si-37 (90 ms) | Si-39 (47.5 ms) | Si-23 (42.3 ms) | Si-40 (33 ms) | Si-22 (29 ms) | Si-41 (20 ms) | Si-42 (12.5 ms) | Si-38 (1 µs) | Si-44 (360 ns) | Si-43 (60 ns) neutron cross-section | 2.2 b | 5.4 b | 0.166 b neutron mass absorption | 0.0011 m^2/kg | 0.0013 m^2/kg | 2×10^-4 m^2/kg

| germanium | tellurium | silicon CAS number | 7440-56-4 | 13494-80-9 | 7440-21-3 PubChem CID number | 6326954 | 6327182 | 5461123