H2SO4 + KNO3 = HNO3 + KHSO4

H_2SO_4 sulfuric acid + KNO_3 potassium nitrate ⟶ HNO_3 nitric acid + KHSO_4 potassium bisulfate

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2SO_4 + c_2 KNO_3 ⟶ c_3 HNO_3 + c_4 KHSO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, S, K and N: H: | 2 c_1 = c_3 + c_4 O: | 4 c_1 + 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 K: | c_2 = c_4 N: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4

+ ⟶ +

sulfuric acid + potassium nitrate ⟶ nitric acid + potassium bisulfate

| sulfuric acid | potassium nitrate | nitric acid | potassium bisulfate molecular free energy | -690 kJ/mol | -394.9 kJ/mol | -80.7 kJ/mol | -1031 kJ/mol total free energy | -690 kJ/mol | -394.9 kJ/mol | -80.7 kJ/mol | -1031 kJ/mol | G_initial = -1085 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1112 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -1112 kJ/mol - -1085 kJ/mol = -27.1 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 KNO_3 | 1 | -1 HNO_3 | 1 | 1 KHSO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([H2SO4])^(-1) KNO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([KNO3])^(-1) HNO_3 | 1 | 1 | [HNO3] KHSO_4 | 1 | 1 | [KHSO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2SO4])^(-1) ([KNO3])^(-1) [HNO3] [KHSO4] = ([HNO3] [KHSO4])/([H2SO4] [KNO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: H_2SO_4 + KNO_3 ⟶ HNO_3 + KHSO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 KNO_3 | 1 | -1 HNO_3 | 1 | 1 KHSO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2SO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) KNO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[KNO3])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) KHSO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[KHSO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[H2SO4])/(Δt) = -(Δ[KNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = (Δ[KHSO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| sulfuric acid | potassium nitrate | nitric acid | potassium bisulfate formula | H_2SO_4 | KNO_3 | HNO_3 | KHSO_4 Hill formula | H_2O_4S | KNO_3 | HNO_3 | HKO_4S name | sulfuric acid | potassium nitrate | nitric acid | potassium bisulfate IUPAC name | sulfuric acid | potassium nitrate | nitric acid | potassium hydrogen sulfate

| sulfuric acid | potassium nitrate | nitric acid | potassium bisulfate molar mass | 98.07 g/mol | 101.1 g/mol | 63.012 g/mol | 136.16 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) melting point | 10.371 °C | 334 °C | -41.6 °C | 214 °C boiling point | 279.6 °C | | 83 °C | density | 1.8305 g/cm^3 | | 1.5129 g/cm^3 | 2.32 g/cm^3 solubility in water | very soluble | soluble | miscible | surface tension | 0.0735 N/m | | | dynamic viscosity | 0.021 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | odorless | |