vanadium vs copper vs cobalt vs zinc

vanadium (chemical element) | copper (chemical element) | cobalt (chemical element) | zinc (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| atomic symbol | atomic number | short electronic configuration vanadium | V | 23 | [Ar]4s^23d^3 copper | Cu | 29 | [Ar]4s^13d^10 cobalt | Co | 27 | [Ar]4s^23d^7 zinc | Zn | 30 | [Ar]4s^23d^10 | Aufbau diagram | block | group vanadium | 3d 4s | d | 5 copper | 3d 4s | d | 11 cobalt | 3d 4s | d | 9 zinc | 3d 4s | d | 12 | period | atomic mass | half-life vanadium | 4 | 50.9415 u | (stable) copper | 4 | 63.546 u | (stable) cobalt | 4 | 58.933194 u | (stable) zinc | 4 | 65.38 u | (stable)

phase at STP | all | solid melting point | median | 1290 °C | highest | 1910 °C (vanadium) | lowest | 419.53 °C (zinc) | distribution | boiling point | median | 2744 °C | highest | 3407 °C (vanadium) | lowest | 907 °C (zinc) | distribution | molar heat of fusion | median | 14.7 kJ/mol | highest | 22.8 kJ/mol (vanadium) | lowest | 7.35 kJ/mol (zinc) | distribution | molar heat of vaporization | median | 340 kJ/mol | highest | 453 kJ/mol (vanadium) | lowest | 119 kJ/mol (zinc) | distribution | specific heat at STP | median | 405 J/(kg K) | highest | 489 J/(kg K) (vanadium) | lowest | 384.4 J/(kg K) (copper) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

density | median | 8.05 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.96 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 6.11 g/cm^3 (vanadium) | distribution | liquid density | median | 7.16 g/cm^3 | highest | 8.02 g/cm^3 (copper) | lowest | 5.5 g/cm^3 (vanadium) | distribution | molar volume | median | 7.715 cm^3/mol | highest | 9.16 cm^3/mol (zinc) | lowest | 6.6 cm^3/mol (cobalt) | distribution | Mohs hardness | median | 4 | highest | 7 (≈ quartz) (vanadium) | lowest | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) (zinc) | distribution | Vickers hardness | all | 369 MPa | 628 MPa | 1043 MPa Brinell hardness | all | 412 MPa | 628 MPa | 700 MPa | 874 MPa bulk modulus | median | 150 GPa | highest | 180 GPa (cobalt) | lowest | 70 GPa (zinc) | distribution | shear modulus | median | 48 GPa | highest | 75 GPa (cobalt) | lowest | 43 GPa (zinc) Young's modulus | median | 129 GPa | highest | 209 GPa (cobalt) | lowest | 108 GPa (zinc) | distribution | Poisson ratio | all | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.37 ultimate tensile strength | all | 37 MPa sound speed | median | 4100 m/s | highest | 4720 m/s (cobalt) | lowest | 3570 m/s (copper) thermal expansion | median | 1.48×10^-5 K^(-1) | highest | 3.02×10^-5 K^(-1) (zinc) | lowest | 8.4×10^-6 K^(-1) (vanadium) | distribution | thermal conductivity | median | 110 W/(m K) | highest | 400 W/(m K) (copper) | lowest | 31 W/(m K) (vanadium) | distribution | (properties at standard conditions)

resistivity | median | 6×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | highest | 2×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) (vanadium) | lowest | 1.7×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) (copper) | distribution | electrical conductivity | median | 1.7×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | highest | 5.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) (copper) | lowest | 5×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) (vanadium) volume magnetic susceptibility | median | -9.63×10^-6 | highest | 3.837×10^-4 (vanadium) | lowest | -1.58×10^-5 (zinc) mass magnetic susceptibility | median | -1.08×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | highest | 6.28×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (vanadium) | lowest | -2.21×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) (zinc) molar magnetic susceptibility | median | -6.86×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | highest | 3.199×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (vanadium) | lowest | -1.45×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) (zinc) work function | all | 4.3 eV | 5 eV | (3.63 to 4.9) eV | (4.48 to 5.1) eV

valence | median | 3 | highest | 5 (vanadium) | lowest | 2 (copper and zinc) | distribution | electronegativity | median | 1.76 | highest | 1.9 (copper) | lowest | 1.63 (vanadium) | distribution | electron affinity | median | 57.2 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 118.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (copper) | lowest | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (zinc) | distribution | first ionization energy | median | 752.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | highest | 906.4 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (zinc) | lowest | 650.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) (vanadium) | distribution |

term symbol | all | ^1S_0 | ^2S_(1/2) | ^4F_(3/2) | ^4F_(9/2) atomic radius | median | 135 pm | highest | 135 pm (4 elements) | lowest | 135 pm (4 elements) covalent radius | median | 129 pm | highest | 153 pm (vanadium) | lowest | 122 pm (zinc) | distribution | (electronic ground state properties)

universe abundance | median | 6.5×10^-5 mass% | highest | 3×10^-4 mass% (cobalt) | lowest | 6×10^-6 mass% (copper) | distribution | solar abundance | median | 1.4×10^-4 mass% | highest | 4×10^-4 mass% (cobalt) | lowest | 4×10^-5 mass% (vanadium) meteorite abundance | median | 0.015 mass% | highest | 0.059 mass% (cobalt) | lowest | 0.0061 mass% (vanadium) crust abundance | median | 0.0073 mass% | highest | 0.019 mass% (vanadium) | lowest | 0.003 mass% (cobalt) | distribution | ocean abundance | median | 2.3×10^-7 mass% | highest | 5×10^-7 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 8×10^-9 mass% (cobalt) | distribution | human abundance | median | 5.1×10^-5 mass% | highest | 0.0033 mass% (zinc) | lowest | 2×10^-6 mass% (cobalt) universe molar abundance | median | 1.3×10^-6 mol% | highest | 6×10^-6 mol% (cobalt) | lowest | 1×10^-7 mol% (copper) | distribution | solar molar abundance | median | 2×10^-6 mol% | highest | 7×10^-6 mol% (cobalt) | lowest | 9×10^-7 mol% (vanadium) | distribution | meteorite molar abundance | median | 0.0037 mol% | highest | 0.02 mol% (cobalt) | lowest | 0.0023 mol% (vanadium) ocean molar abundance | median | 2.4×10^-8 mol% | highest | 4.7×10^-8 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 8×10^-10 mol% (cobalt) | distribution | crust molar abundance | median | 0.0023 mol% | highest | 0.0075 mol% (vanadium) | lowest | 9.9×10^-4 mol% (cobalt) | distribution | human molar abundance | median | 5.1×10^-6 mol% | highest | 3.2×10^-4 mol% (zinc) | lowest | 2×10^-7 mol% (cobalt)