Input interpretation
![H_2O water + F_2 fluorine ⟶ HF hydrogen fluoride + O_3 ozone](../image_source/0ad6a0ee025c8d6273c294f387f4766e.png)
H_2O water + F_2 fluorine ⟶ HF hydrogen fluoride + O_3 ozone
Balanced equation
![Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 F_2 ⟶ c_3 HF + c_4 O_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O and F: H: | 2 c_1 = c_3 O: | c_1 = 3 c_4 F: | 2 c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_4 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 6 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3](../image_source/224462e83a9a5693e155b3e03ab6d234.png)
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 F_2 ⟶ c_3 HF + c_4 O_3 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O and F: H: | 2 c_1 = c_3 O: | c_1 = 3 c_4 F: | 2 c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_4 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 3 c_3 = 6 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3
Structures
![+ ⟶ +](../image_source/dd1ef9735a1c8c435c6b90c6c508f692.png)
+ ⟶ +
Names
![water + fluorine ⟶ hydrogen fluoride + ozone](../image_source/6268bdd951b3b68a97e7027c4647cc29.png)
water + fluorine ⟶ hydrogen fluoride + ozone
Reaction thermodynamics
Enthalpy
![| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular enthalpy | -285.8 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -273.3 kJ/mol | 142.7 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -857.5 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -1640 kJ/mol | 142.7 kJ/mol | H_initial = -857.5 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1497 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1497 kJ/mol - -857.5 kJ/mol = -639.6 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |](../image_source/3dc5b927804c790354ad0bf2227117f7.png)
| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular enthalpy | -285.8 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -273.3 kJ/mol | 142.7 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -857.5 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -1640 kJ/mol | 142.7 kJ/mol | H_initial = -857.5 kJ/mol | | H_final = -1497 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -1497 kJ/mol - -857.5 kJ/mol = -639.6 kJ/mol (exothermic) | | |
Gibbs free energy
![| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular free energy | -237.1 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -275.4 kJ/mol | 163.2 kJ/mol total free energy | -711.3 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -1652 kJ/mol | 163.2 kJ/mol | G_initial = -711.3 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1489 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -1489 kJ/mol - -711.3 kJ/mol = -777.9 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |](../image_source/f2b1a6cec657e55151aa6301acc3ea9d.png)
| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular free energy | -237.1 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -275.4 kJ/mol | 163.2 kJ/mol total free energy | -711.3 kJ/mol | 0 kJ/mol | -1652 kJ/mol | 163.2 kJ/mol | G_initial = -711.3 kJ/mol | | G_final = -1489 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -1489 kJ/mol - -711.3 kJ/mol = -777.9 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |
Entropy
![| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular entropy | 69.91 J/(mol K) | 202.8 J/(mol K) | 173.8 J/(mol K) | 239 J/(mol K) total entropy | 209.7 J/(mol K) | 608.4 J/(mol K) | 1043 J/(mol K) | 239 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 818.1 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 1282 J/(mol K) | ΔS_rxn^0 | 1282 J/(mol K) - 818.1 J/(mol K) = 463.7 J/(mol K) (endoentropic) | | |](../image_source/b1bbb481864396904f043b56e5a49264.png)
| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molecular entropy | 69.91 J/(mol K) | 202.8 J/(mol K) | 173.8 J/(mol K) | 239 J/(mol K) total entropy | 209.7 J/(mol K) | 608.4 J/(mol K) | 1043 J/(mol K) | 239 J/(mol K) | S_initial = 818.1 J/(mol K) | | S_final = 1282 J/(mol K) | ΔS_rxn^0 | 1282 J/(mol K) - 818.1 J/(mol K) = 463.7 J/(mol K) (endoentropic) | | |
Equilibrium constant
![Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 3 | -3 F_2 | 3 | -3 HF | 6 | 6 O_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 3 | -3 | ([H2O])^(-3) F_2 | 3 | -3 | ([F2])^(-3) HF | 6 | 6 | ([HF])^6 O_3 | 1 | 1 | [O3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-3) ([F2])^(-3) ([HF])^6 [O3] = (([HF])^6 [O3])/(([H2O])^3 ([F2])^3)](../image_source/1ed27a362040f5685bc70cd9b14c4d2f.png)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 3 | -3 F_2 | 3 | -3 HF | 6 | 6 O_3 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 3 | -3 | ([H2O])^(-3) F_2 | 3 | -3 | ([F2])^(-3) HF | 6 | 6 | ([HF])^6 O_3 | 1 | 1 | [O3] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-3) ([F2])^(-3) ([HF])^6 [O3] = (([HF])^6 [O3])/(([H2O])^3 ([F2])^3)
Rate of reaction
![Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 3 | -3 F_2 | 3 | -3 HF | 6 | 6 O_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) F_2 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[F2])/(Δt) HF | 6 | 6 | 1/6 (Δ[HF])/(Δt) O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[O3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[F2])/(Δt) = 1/6 (Δ[HF])/(Δt) = (Δ[O3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)](../image_source/c0c69517a22dea9f569253b411802444.png)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + F_2 ⟶ HF + O_3 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2O + 3 F_2 ⟶ 6 HF + O_3 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 3 | -3 F_2 | 3 | -3 HF | 6 | 6 O_3 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) F_2 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[F2])/(Δt) HF | 6 | 6 | 1/6 (Δ[HF])/(Δt) O_3 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[O3])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -1/3 (Δ[F2])/(Δt) = 1/6 (Δ[HF])/(Δt) = (Δ[O3])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Chemical names and formulas
![| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone formula | H_2O | F_2 | HF | O_3 Hill formula | H_2O | F_2 | FH | O_3 name | water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone IUPAC name | water | molecular fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone](../image_source/f0cec246c6a22315097f6f50bb9bd720.png)
| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone formula | H_2O | F_2 | HF | O_3 Hill formula | H_2O | F_2 | FH | O_3 name | water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone IUPAC name | water | molecular fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone
Substance properties
![| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 37.996806326 g/mol | 20.006 g/mol | 47.997 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | -219.6 °C | -83.36 °C | -192.2 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | -188.12 °C | 19.5 °C | -111.9 °C density | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.001696 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 8.18×10^-4 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 0.001962 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) solubility in water | | reacts | miscible | surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 2.344×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.2571×10^-5 Pa s (at 20 °C) | odor | odorless | | |](../image_source/b350b8c67541442efdacc75e92c158d2.png)
| water | fluorine | hydrogen fluoride | ozone molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 37.996806326 g/mol | 20.006 g/mol | 47.997 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | -219.6 °C | -83.36 °C | -192.2 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | -188.12 °C | 19.5 °C | -111.9 °C density | 1 g/cm^3 | 0.001696 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 8.18×10^-4 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 0.001962 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) solubility in water | | reacts | miscible | surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 2.344×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 1.2571×10^-5 Pa s (at 20 °C) | odor | odorless | | |
Units