Input interpretation
thorium (chemical element) | nobelium (chemical element) | berkelium (chemical element)
Periodic table location
Periodic table location
Images
Images
Basic elemental properties
![| thorium | nobelium | berkelium atomic symbol | Th | No | Bk atomic number | 90 | 102 | 97 short electronic configuration | [Rn]7s^26d^2 | [Rn]7s^25f^14 | [Rn]7s^25f^9 Aufbau diagram | 6d 7s | 5f 7s | 5f 7s block | f | f | f period | 7 | 7 | 7 atomic mass | 232.0377 u | 259 u | 247 u half-life | 14.06 Gyr | 170 min | 1380 yr](../image_source/dc38e9921b4e2ba0cfe2f824bb7c5a9c.png)
| thorium | nobelium | berkelium atomic symbol | Th | No | Bk atomic number | 90 | 102 | 97 short electronic configuration | [Rn]7s^26d^2 | [Rn]7s^25f^14 | [Rn]7s^25f^9 Aufbau diagram | 6d 7s | 5f 7s | 5f 7s block | f | f | f period | 7 | 7 | 7 atomic mass | 232.0377 u | 259 u | 247 u half-life | 14.06 Gyr | 170 min | 1380 yr
Thermodynamic properties
| thorium | nobelium | berkelium phase at STP | solid | | solid melting point | 1750 °C | 827 °C | 1050 °C boiling point | 4820 °C | | molar heat of fusion | 16 kJ/mol | | molar heat of vaporization | 530 kJ/mol | | specific heat at STP | 118 J/(kg K) | (unknown) | (properties at standard conditions)
Material properties
| thorium | berkelium density | 11.724 g/cm^3 | 14.78 g/cm^3 molar volume | 19.792 cm^3/mol | 16.7 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 3 (≈ calcite) | Vickers hardness | 350 MPa | Brinell hardness | 400 MPa | bulk modulus | 54 GPa | shear modulus | 31 GPa | Young's modulus | 79 GPa | Poisson ratio | 0.27 | tensile yield strength | 144 MPa | ultimate tensile strength | 219 MPa | sound speed | 2490 m/s | thermal expansion | 1.1×10^-5 K^(-1) | thermal conductivity | 54 W/(m K) | 10 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
Electromagnetic properties
| thorium electrical type | conductor resistivity | 1.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 6.7×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 8.4×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 7.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.7×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 3.4 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 8.221×10^14 Hz (hertz) superconducting point | 1.38 K (kelvins) color | (silver)
Reactivity
| thorium | nobelium | berkelium valence | 4 | 3 | 4 electronegativity | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 first ionization energy | 587 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 642 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 601 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 587 kJ/mol | 1110 kJ/mol | 1930 kJ/mol | 2780 kJ/mol | 642 kJ/mol | 601 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Atomic properties
| thorium | nobelium | berkelium term symbol | ^3F_2 | ^1S_0 | ^6H_(15/2) atomic radius | 180 pm | | covalent radius | 206 pm | | (electronic ground state properties)
Abundances
| thorium | nobelium | berkelium universe abundance | 4×10^-8 mass% | | solar abundance | 3×10^-8 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% meteorite abundance | 3.9×10^-6 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% crust abundance | 6×10^-4 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% ocean abundance | 4×10^-12 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% human abundance | 0 mass% | 0 mass% | 0 mass% universe molar abundance | 2×10^-10 mol% | | solar molar abundance | 2×10^-10 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 3×10^-7 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.1×10^-6 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol% crust molar abundance | 5.4×10^-5 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol% human molar abundance | 0 mol% | 0 mol% | 0 mol%