H2 + HNO3 = H2O + NH2OH

H_2 hydrogen + HNO_3 nitric acid ⟶ H_2O water + NH_2OH hydroxylamine

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + NH_2OH Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2 + c_2 HNO_3 ⟶ c_3 H_2O + c_4 NH_2OH Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, N and O: H: | 2 c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 + 3 c_4 N: | c_2 = c_4 O: | 3 c_2 = c_3 + c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 3 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 2 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 3 H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + NH_2OH

+ ⟶ +

hydrogen + nitric acid ⟶ water + hydroxylamine

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + NH_2OH Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + NH_2OH Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2 | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_2OH | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2 | 3 | -3 | ([H2])^(-3) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | ([HNO3])^(-1) H_2O | 2 | 2 | ([H2O])^2 NH_2OH | 1 | 1 | [NH2OH] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2])^(-3) ([HNO3])^(-1) ([H2O])^2 [NH2OH] = (([H2O])^2 [NH2OH])/(([H2])^3 [HNO3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ H_2O + NH_2OH Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 3 H_2 + HNO_3 ⟶ 2 H_2O + NH_2OH Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2 | 3 | -3 HNO_3 | 1 | -1 H_2O | 2 | 2 NH_2OH | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2 | 3 | -3 | -1/3 (Δ[H2])/(Δt) HNO_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) H_2O | 2 | 2 | 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) NH_2OH | 1 | 1 | (Δ[NH2OH])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/3 (Δ[H2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[HNO3])/(Δt) = 1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = (Δ[NH2OH])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| hydrogen | nitric acid | water | hydroxylamine formula | H_2 | HNO_3 | H_2O | NH_2OH Hill formula | H_2 | HNO_3 | H_2O | H_3NO name | hydrogen | nitric acid | water | hydroxylamine IUPAC name | molecular hydrogen | nitric acid | water | hydroxylamine

| hydrogen | nitric acid | water | hydroxylamine molar mass | 2.016 g/mol | 63.012 g/mol | 18.015 g/mol | 33.03 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | -259.2 °C | -41.6 °C | 0 °C | boiling point | -252.8 °C | 83 °C | 99.9839 °C | 100 °C density | 8.99×10^-5 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 1.5129 g/cm^3 | 1 g/cm^3 | 1.078 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | miscible | | very soluble surface tension | | | 0.0728 N/m | dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-6 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 7.6×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | odor | odorless | | odorless |