sulfur vs silicon vs phosphorus

sulfur (chemical element) | silicon (chemical element) | phosphorus (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Images

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus atomic symbol | S | Si | P atomic number | 16 | 14 | 15 short electronic configuration | [Ne]3s^23p^4 | [Ne]3s^23p^2 | [Ne]3s^23p^3 Aufbau diagram | 3p 3s | 3p 3s | 3p 3s block | p | p | p group | 16 | 14 | 15 period | 3 | 3 | 3 atomic mass | 32.06 u | 28.085 u | 30.973761998 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 115.21 °C | 1414 °C | 44.2 °C boiling point | 444.72 °C | 2900 °C | 280.5 °C critical temperature | 1314 K | | critical pressure | 20.7 MPa | | molar heat of fusion | 1.73 kJ/mol | 50.2 kJ/mol | 0.64 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 9.8 kJ/mol | 359 kJ/mol | 12.4 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 705 J/(kg K) | 710 J/(kg K) | 769.7 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus density | 1.96 g/cm^3 | 2.33 g/cm^3 | 1.823 g/cm^3 liquid density | 1.819 g/cm^3 | 2.57 g/cm^3 | molar volume | 16.36 cm^3/mol | 12.05 cm^3/mol | 16.99 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 2 (≈ gypsum) | 6.5 (between microcline and quartz) | Vickers hardness | | 9630 MPa | bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa | 100 GPa | 11 GPa Young's modulus | | 47 GPa | refractive index | 1.001111 | | 1.001212 sound speed | | 2200 m/s | thermal expansion | | 2.6×10^-6 K^(-1) | thermal conductivity | 0.205 W/(m K) | 150 W/(m K) | 0.236 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus electrical type | insulator | semiconductor | conductor resistivity | 1×10^15 Ω m (ohm meters) | 0.001 Ω m (ohm meters) | 1×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 1×10^-15 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1000 S/m (siemens per meter) | 1×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | diamagnetic | diamagnetic | diamagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | -1.22×10^-5 | -3.73×10^-6 | -2.06×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.6×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | -1.13×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.99×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -4.49×10^-11 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | -3.5×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | | (4.6 to 4.91) eV | threshold frequency | | (1.112×10^15 to 1.187×10^15) Hz (hertz) | color | (yellow) | (gray) | (colorless) refractive index | 1.001111 | | 1.001212

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus valence | 6 | 4 | 5 electronegativity | 2.58 | 1.9 | 2.19 electron affinity | 200 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 133.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 72 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 999.6 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 786.5 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 1011.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 999.6 kJ/mol | 2252 kJ/mol | 3357 kJ/mol | 4556 kJ/mol | 7004.3 kJ/mol | 8495.8 kJ/mol | 27107 kJ/mol | 31719 kJ/mol | 36621 kJ/mol | 43177 kJ/mol | 786.5 kJ/mol | 1577.1 kJ/mol | 3231.6 kJ/mol | 4355.5 kJ/mol | 16091 kJ/mol | 19805 kJ/mol | 23780 kJ/mol | 29287 kJ/mol | 33878 kJ/mol | 38726 kJ/mol | 1011.8 kJ/mol | 1907 kJ/mol | 2914.1 kJ/mol | 4963.6 kJ/mol | 6273.9 kJ/mol | 21267 kJ/mol | 25431 kJ/mol | 29872 kJ/mol | 35905 kJ/mol | 40950 kJ/mol

Reactivity

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus term symbol | ^3P_2 | ^3P_0 | ^4S_(3/2) atomic radius | 100 pm | 110 pm | 100 pm covalent radius | 105 pm | 111 pm | 107 pm van der Waals radius | 180 pm | 210 pm | 180 pm (electronic ground state properties)

| sulfur | silicon | phosphorus universe abundance | 0.05 mass% | 0.07 mass% | 7×10^-4 mass% solar abundance | 0.04 mass% | 0.09 mass% | 7×10^-4 mass% meteorite abundance | 4 mass% | 14 mass% | 0.11 mass% crust abundance | 0.042 mass% | 27 mass% | 0.099 mass% ocean abundance | 0.093 mass% | 1×10^-4 mass% | 7×10^-6 mass% human abundance | 0.2 mass% | 0.026 mass% | 1.1 mass% universe molar abundance | 0.002 mol% | 0.003 mol% | 3×10^-5 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-4 mol% | 0.004 mol% | 3×10^-5 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 2.2 mol% | 10 mol% | 0.07 mol% ocean molar abundance | 0.018 mol% | 2.2×10^-5 mol% | 1.4×10^-6 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.027 mol% | 20 mol% | 0.07 mol% human molar abundance | 0.039 mol% | 0.0058 mol% | 0.22 mol%