Cl2 + C3H8 = HCl + C3H7Cl

Cl_2 chlorine + CH_3CH_2CH_3 propane ⟶ HCl hydrogen chloride + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl 1-chloropropane

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 Cl_2 + c_2 CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ c_3 HCl + c_4 CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cl, C and H: Cl: | 2 c_1 = c_3 + c_4 C: | 3 c_2 = 3 c_4 H: | 8 c_2 = c_3 + 7 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl

+ ⟶ +

chlorine + propane ⟶ hydrogen chloride + 1-chloropropane

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Cl_2 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression Cl_2 | 1 | -1 | ([Cl2])^(-1) CH_3CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 | ([CH3CH2CH3])^(-1) HCl | 1 | 1 | [HCl] CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl | 1 | 1 | [CH3CH2CH2Cl] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([Cl2])^(-1) ([CH3CH2CH3])^(-1) [HCl] [CH3CH2CH2Cl] = ([HCl] [CH3CH2CH2Cl])/([Cl2] [CH3CH2CH3])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: Cl_2 + CH_3CH_2CH_3 ⟶ HCl + CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i Cl_2 | 1 | -1 CH_3CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 HCl | 1 | 1 CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term Cl_2 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2CH_3 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CH3CH2CH3])/(Δt) HCl | 1 | 1 | (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CH3CH2CH2Cl])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[Cl2])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CH3CH2CH3])/(Δt) = (Δ[HCl])/(Δt) = (Δ[CH3CH2CH2Cl])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| chlorine | propane | hydrogen chloride | 1-chloropropane formula | Cl_2 | CH_3CH_2CH_3 | HCl | CH_3CH_2CH_2Cl Hill formula | Cl_2 | C_3H_8 | ClH | C_3H_7Cl name | chlorine | propane | hydrogen chloride | 1-chloropropane IUPAC name | molecular chlorine | propane | hydrogen chloride | 1-chloropropane

| chlorine | propane | hydrogen chloride | 1-chloropropane molar mass | 70.9 g/mol | 44.1 g/mol | 36.46 g/mol | 78.54 g/mol phase | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) | liquid (at STP) melting point | -101 °C | -187.63 °C | -114.17 °C | -123 °C boiling point | -34 °C | -42.1 °C | -85 °C | 46.5 °C density | 0.003214 g/cm^3 (at 0 °C) | 0.00187939 g/cm^3 (at 20 °C) | 0.00149 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) | 0.892 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | | miscible | slightly soluble surface tension | | 0.01515 N/m | | dynamic viscosity | | 8×10^-6 Pa s (at 25 °C) | | 3.34×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C)