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barium vs calcium vs magnesium

Input interpretation

barium (chemical element) | calcium (chemical element) | magnesium (chemical element)
barium (chemical element) | calcium (chemical element) | magnesium (chemical element)

Periodic table location

Periodic table location
Periodic table location

Images

Images
Images

Basic elemental properties

| barium | calcium | magnesium atomic symbol | Ba | Ca | Mg atomic number | 56 | 20 | 12 short electronic configuration | [Xe]6s^2 | [Ar]4s^2 | [Ne]3s^2 Aufbau diagram | 6s | 4s | 3s block | s | s | s group | 2 | 2 | 2 period | 6 | 4 | 3 atomic mass | 137.327 u | 40.078 u | 24.305 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)
| barium | calcium | magnesium atomic symbol | Ba | Ca | Mg atomic number | 56 | 20 | 12 short electronic configuration | [Xe]6s^2 | [Ar]4s^2 | [Ne]3s^2 Aufbau diagram | 6s | 4s | 3s block | s | s | s group | 2 | 2 | 2 period | 6 | 4 | 3 atomic mass | 137.327 u | 40.078 u | 24.305 u half-life | (stable) | (stable) | (stable)

Thermodynamic properties

| barium | calcium | magnesium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 727 °C | 842 °C | 650 °C boiling point | 1870 °C | 1484 °C | 1090 °C molar heat of fusion | 8 kJ/mol | 8.54 kJ/mol | 8.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 140 kJ/mol | 155 kJ/mol | 128 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 205 J/(kg K) | 631 J/(kg K) | 1020 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)
| barium | calcium | magnesium phase at STP | solid | solid | solid melting point | 727 °C | 842 °C | 650 °C boiling point | 1870 °C | 1484 °C | 1090 °C molar heat of fusion | 8 kJ/mol | 8.54 kJ/mol | 8.7 kJ/mol molar heat of vaporization | 140 kJ/mol | 155 kJ/mol | 128 kJ/mol specific heat at STP | 205 J/(kg K) | 631 J/(kg K) | 1020 J/(kg K) (properties at standard conditions)

Material properties

| barium | calcium | magnesium density | 3.51 g/cm^3 | 1.55 g/cm^3 | 1.738 g/cm^3 liquid density | 3.338 g/cm^3 | 1.378 g/cm^3 | 1.584 g/cm^3 molar volume | 39.12 cm^3/mol | 25.86 cm^3/mol | 13.98 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.25 (between talc and gypsum) | 1.75 (between gypsum and talc) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) Brinell hardness | | 167 MPa | 260 MPa bulk modulus | 9.6 GPa | 17 GPa | 45 GPa shear modulus | 4.9 GPa | 7.4 GPa | 17 GPa Young's modulus | 13 GPa | 20 GPa | 45 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.31 | 0.29 sound speed | 1620 m/s | 3810 m/s | 4602 m/s thermal expansion | 2.06×10^-5 K^(-1) | 2.23×10^-5 K^(-1) | 2.5×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 18 W/(m K) | 200 W/(m K) | 160 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)
| barium | calcium | magnesium density | 3.51 g/cm^3 | 1.55 g/cm^3 | 1.738 g/cm^3 liquid density | 3.338 g/cm^3 | 1.378 g/cm^3 | 1.584 g/cm^3 molar volume | 39.12 cm^3/mol | 25.86 cm^3/mol | 13.98 cm^3/mol Mohs hardness | 1.25 (between talc and gypsum) | 1.75 (between gypsum and talc) | 2.5 (between gypsum and calcite) Brinell hardness | | 167 MPa | 260 MPa bulk modulus | 9.6 GPa | 17 GPa | 45 GPa shear modulus | 4.9 GPa | 7.4 GPa | 17 GPa Young's modulus | 13 GPa | 20 GPa | 45 GPa Poisson ratio | | 0.31 | 0.29 sound speed | 1620 m/s | 3810 m/s | 4602 m/s thermal expansion | 2.06×10^-5 K^(-1) | 2.23×10^-5 K^(-1) | 2.5×10^-5 K^(-1) thermal conductivity | 18 W/(m K) | 200 W/(m K) | 160 W/(m K) (properties at standard conditions)

Electromagnetic properties

| barium | calcium | magnesium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 3.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 3.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 4.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.9×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.3×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 3.966×10^-5 | 2.139×10^-5 | 1.2×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.13×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 1.38×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.552×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.531×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.68×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 2.52 eV (Polycrystalline) | 2.87 eV (Polycrystalline) | 3.66 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 6.093×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 6.94×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 8.85×10^14 Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (silver) | (silver)
| barium | calcium | magnesium electrical type | conductor | conductor | conductor resistivity | 3.5×10^-7 Ω m (ohm meters) | 3.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) | 4.4×10^-8 Ω m (ohm meters) electrical conductivity | 2.9×10^6 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.9×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) | 2.3×10^7 S/m (siemens per meter) magnetic type | paramagnetic | paramagnetic | paramagnetic volume magnetic susceptibility | 3.966×10^-5 | 2.139×10^-5 | 1.2×10^-5 mass magnetic susceptibility | 1.13×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 1.38×10^-8 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) | 6.9×10^-9 m^3/kg (cubic meters per kilogram) molar magnetic susceptibility | 1.552×10^-9 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 5.531×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) | 1.68×10^-10 m^3/mol (cubic meters per mole) work function | 2.52 eV (Polycrystalline) | 2.87 eV (Polycrystalline) | 3.66 eV (Polycrystalline) threshold frequency | 6.093×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 6.94×10^14 Hz (hertz) | 8.85×10^14 Hz (hertz) color | (silver) | (silver) | (silver)

Reactivity

| barium | calcium | magnesium valence | 2 | 2 | 2 electronegativity | 0.89 | 1 | 1.31 electron affinity | 13.95 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 2.37 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 502.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 589.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 737.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 502.9 kJ/mol | 965.2 kJ/mol | 3600 kJ/mol | 589.8 kJ/mol | 1145.4 kJ/mol | 4912.4 kJ/mol | 6491 kJ/mol | 8153 kJ/mol | 10496 kJ/mol | 12270 kJ/mol | 14206 kJ/mol | 18191 kJ/mol | 20385 kJ/mol | 57110 kJ/mol | 737.7 kJ/mol | 1450.7 kJ/mol | 7732.7 kJ/mol | 10542.5 kJ/mol | 13630 kJ/mol | 18020 kJ/mol | 21711 kJ/mol | 25661 kJ/mol | 31653 kJ/mol | 35458 kJ/mol
| barium | calcium | magnesium valence | 2 | 2 | 2 electronegativity | 0.89 | 1 | 1.31 electron affinity | 13.95 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 2.37 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 0 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) first ionization energy | 502.9 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 589.8 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) | 737.7 kJ/mol (kilojoules per mole) ionization energies | 502.9 kJ/mol | 965.2 kJ/mol | 3600 kJ/mol | 589.8 kJ/mol | 1145.4 kJ/mol | 4912.4 kJ/mol | 6491 kJ/mol | 8153 kJ/mol | 10496 kJ/mol | 12270 kJ/mol | 14206 kJ/mol | 18191 kJ/mol | 20385 kJ/mol | 57110 kJ/mol | 737.7 kJ/mol | 1450.7 kJ/mol | 7732.7 kJ/mol | 10542.5 kJ/mol | 13630 kJ/mol | 18020 kJ/mol | 21711 kJ/mol | 25661 kJ/mol | 31653 kJ/mol | 35458 kJ/mol
Reactivity
Reactivity

Atomic properties

| barium | calcium | magnesium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^1S_0 | ^1S_0 atomic radius | 215 pm | 180 pm | 150 pm covalent radius | 215 pm | 176 pm | 141 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | | 173 pm (electronic ground state properties)
| barium | calcium | magnesium term symbol | ^1S_0 | ^1S_0 | ^1S_0 atomic radius | 215 pm | 180 pm | 150 pm covalent radius | 215 pm | 176 pm | 141 pm van der Waals radius | (unknown) | | 173 pm (electronic ground state properties)

Abundances

| barium | calcium | magnesium universe abundance | 1×10^-6 mass% | 0.007 mass% | 0.06 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-6 mass% | 0.007 mass% | 0.07 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.7×10^-4 mass% | 1.1 mass% | 12 mass% crust abundance | 0.034 mass% | 5 mass% | 2.9 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-6 mass% | 4.2×10^-4 mass% | 0.13 mass% human abundance | 3×10^-5 mass% | 1.4 mass% | 0.027 mass% universe molar abundance | 9×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.1×10^-5 mol% | 0.52 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.4×10^-7 mol% | 6.5×10^-5 mol% | 0.034 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0051 mol% | 2.6 mol% | 2.5 mol% human molar abundance | 1.4×10^-6 mol% | 0.22 mol% | 0.007 mol%
| barium | calcium | magnesium universe abundance | 1×10^-6 mass% | 0.007 mass% | 0.06 mass% solar abundance | 1×10^-6 mass% | 0.007 mass% | 0.07 mass% meteorite abundance | 2.7×10^-4 mass% | 1.1 mass% | 12 mass% crust abundance | 0.034 mass% | 5 mass% | 2.9 mass% ocean abundance | 3×10^-6 mass% | 4.2×10^-4 mass% | 0.13 mass% human abundance | 3×10^-5 mass% | 1.4 mass% | 0.027 mass% universe molar abundance | 9×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% solar molar abundance | 9.9×10^-9 mol% | 2×10^-4 mol% | 0.003 mol% meteorite molar abundance | 4.1×10^-5 mol% | 0.52 mol% | 10 mol% ocean molar abundance | 1.4×10^-7 mol% | 6.5×10^-5 mol% | 0.034 mol% crust molar abundance | 0.0051 mol% | 2.6 mol% | 2.5 mol% human molar abundance | 1.4×10^-6 mol% | 0.22 mol% | 0.007 mol%

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