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CuSO4 + NH4OH = Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4

Input interpretation

CuSO_4 copper(II) sulfate + NH_4OH ammonium hydroxide ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 copper hydroxide + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ammonium sulfate
CuSO_4 copper(II) sulfate + NH_4OH ammonium hydroxide ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 copper hydroxide + (NH_4)_2SO_4 ammonium sulfate

Balanced equation

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 CuSO_4 + c_2 NH_4OH ⟶ c_3 Cu(OH)_2 + c_4 (NH_4)_2SO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cu, O, S, H and N: Cu: | c_1 = c_3 O: | 4 c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 H: | 5 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 8 c_4 N: | c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4
Balance the chemical equation algebraically: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 CuSO_4 + c_2 NH_4OH ⟶ c_3 Cu(OH)_2 + c_4 (NH_4)_2SO_4 Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for Cu, O, S, H and N: Cu: | c_1 = c_3 O: | 4 c_1 + c_2 = 2 c_3 + 4 c_4 S: | c_1 = c_4 H: | 5 c_2 = 2 c_3 + 8 c_4 N: | c_2 = 2 c_4 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_1 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 1 c_2 = 2 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 1 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4

Structures

+ ⟶ +
+ ⟶ +

Names

copper(II) sulfate + ammonium hydroxide ⟶ copper hydroxide + ammonium sulfate
copper(II) sulfate + ammonium hydroxide ⟶ copper hydroxide + ammonium sulfate

Equilibrium constant

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 NH_4OH | 2 | -2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([CuSO4])^(-1) NH_4OH | 2 | -2 | ([NH4OH])^(-2) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cu(OH)2] (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [(NH4)2SO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([CuSO4])^(-1) ([NH4OH])^(-2) [Cu(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4] = ([Cu(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4])/([CuSO4] ([NH4OH])^2)
Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 NH_4OH | 2 | -2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 | ([CuSO4])^(-1) NH_4OH | 2 | -2 | ([NH4OH])^(-2) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | [Cu(OH)2] (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | [(NH4)2SO4] The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([CuSO4])^(-1) ([NH4OH])^(-2) [Cu(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4] = ([Cu(OH)2] [(NH4)2SO4])/([CuSO4] ([NH4OH])^2)

Rate of reaction

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 NH_4OH | 2 | -2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) NH_4OH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NH4OH])/(Δt) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[NH4OH])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) = (Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)
Construct the rate of reaction expression for: CuSO_4 + NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: CuSO_4 + 2 NH_4OH ⟶ Cu(OH)_2 + (NH_4)_2SO_4 Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 NH_4OH | 2 | -2 Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term CuSO_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) NH_4OH | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[NH4OH])/(Δt) Cu(OH)_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) (NH_4)_2SO_4 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -(Δ[CuSO4])/(Δt) = -1/2 (Δ[NH4OH])/(Δt) = (Δ[Cu(OH)2])/(Δt) = (Δ[(NH4)2SO4])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

Chemical names and formulas

| copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate formula | CuSO_4 | NH_4OH | Cu(OH)_2 | (NH_4)_2SO_4 Hill formula | CuO_4S | H_5NO | CuH_2O_2 | H_8N_2O_4S name | copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate IUPAC name | copper sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper dihydroxide |
| copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate formula | CuSO_4 | NH_4OH | Cu(OH)_2 | (NH_4)_2SO_4 Hill formula | CuO_4S | H_5NO | CuH_2O_2 | H_8N_2O_4S name | copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate IUPAC name | copper sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper dihydroxide |

Substance properties

| copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate molar mass | 159.6 g/mol | 35.046 g/mol | 97.56 g/mol | 132.1 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | aqueous (at STP) | | solid (at STP) melting point | 200 °C | -57.5 °C | | 280 °C boiling point | | 36 °C | | density | 3.603 g/cm^3 | 0.9 g/cm^3 | | 1.77 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | very soluble | | odor | | | | odorless
| copper(II) sulfate | ammonium hydroxide | copper hydroxide | ammonium sulfate molar mass | 159.6 g/mol | 35.046 g/mol | 97.56 g/mol | 132.1 g/mol phase | solid (at STP) | aqueous (at STP) | | solid (at STP) melting point | 200 °C | -57.5 °C | | 280 °C boiling point | | 36 °C | | density | 3.603 g/cm^3 | 0.9 g/cm^3 | | 1.77 g/cm^3 solubility in water | | very soluble | | odor | | | | odorless

Units

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