H2O + CBr4 = CO2 + HBr

H_2O water + CBr_4 carbon tetrabromide ⟶ CO_2 carbon dioxide + HBr hydrogen bromide

Balance the chemical equation algebraically: H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + HBr Add stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, to the reactants and products: c_1 H_2O + c_2 CBr_4 ⟶ c_3 CO_2 + c_4 HBr Set the number of atoms in the reactants equal to the number of atoms in the products for H, O, Br and C: H: | 2 c_1 = c_4 O: | c_1 = 2 c_3 Br: | 4 c_2 = c_4 C: | c_2 = c_3 Since the coefficients are relative quantities and underdetermined, choose a coefficient to set arbitrarily. To keep the coefficients small, the arbitrary value is ordinarily one. For instance, set c_2 = 1 and solve the system of equations for the remaining coefficients: c_1 = 2 c_2 = 1 c_3 = 1 c_4 = 4 Substitute the coefficients into the chemical reaction to obtain the balanced equation: Answer: | | 2 H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + 4 HBr

+ ⟶ +

water + carbon tetrabromide ⟶ carbon dioxide + hydrogen bromide

| water | carbon tetrabromide | carbon dioxide | hydrogen bromide molecular enthalpy | -285.8 kJ/mol | 29.4 kJ/mol | -393.5 kJ/mol | -36.3 kJ/mol total enthalpy | -571.7 kJ/mol | 29.4 kJ/mol | -393.5 kJ/mol | -145.2 kJ/mol | H_initial = -542.3 kJ/mol | | H_final = -538.7 kJ/mol | ΔH_rxn^0 | -538.7 kJ/mol - -542.3 kJ/mol = 3.56 kJ/mol (endothermic) | | |

| water | carbon tetrabromide | carbon dioxide | hydrogen bromide molecular free energy | -237.1 kJ/mol | 47.7 kJ/mol | -394.4 kJ/mol | -53.4 kJ/mol total free energy | -474.2 kJ/mol | 47.7 kJ/mol | -394.4 kJ/mol | -213.6 kJ/mol | G_initial = -426.5 kJ/mol | | G_final = -608 kJ/mol | ΔG_rxn^0 | -608 kJ/mol - -426.5 kJ/mol = -181.5 kJ/mol (exergonic) | | |

Construct the equilibrium constant, K, expression for: H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + HBr Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the activity expression for each chemical species. • Use the activity expressions to build the equilibrium constant expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + 4 HBr Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 CBr_4 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 HBr | 4 | 4 Assemble the activity expressions accounting for the state of matter and ν_i: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | activity expression H_2O | 2 | -2 | ([H2O])^(-2) CBr_4 | 1 | -1 | ([CBr4])^(-1) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | [CO2] HBr | 4 | 4 | ([HBr])^4 The equilibrium constant symbol in the concentration basis is: K_c Mulitply the activity expressions to arrive at the K_c expression: Answer: | | K_c = ([H2O])^(-2) ([CBr4])^(-1) [CO2] ([HBr])^4 = ([CO2] ([HBr])^4)/(([H2O])^2 [CBr4])

Construct the rate of reaction expression for: H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + HBr Plan: • Balance the chemical equation. • Determine the stoichiometric numbers. • Assemble the rate term for each chemical species. • Write the rate of reaction expression. Write the balanced chemical equation: 2 H_2O + CBr_4 ⟶ CO_2 + 4 HBr Assign stoichiometric numbers, ν_i, using the stoichiometric coefficients, c_i, from the balanced chemical equation in the following manner: ν_i = -c_i for reactants and ν_i = c_i for products: chemical species | c_i | ν_i H_2O | 2 | -2 CBr_4 | 1 | -1 CO_2 | 1 | 1 HBr | 4 | 4 The rate term for each chemical species, B_i, is 1/ν_i(Δ[B_i])/(Δt) where [B_i] is the amount concentration and t is time: chemical species | c_i | ν_i | rate term H_2O | 2 | -2 | -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) CBr_4 | 1 | -1 | -(Δ[CBr4])/(Δt) CO_2 | 1 | 1 | (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) HBr | 4 | 4 | 1/4 (Δ[HBr])/(Δt) (for infinitesimal rate of change, replace Δ with d) Set the rate terms equal to each other to arrive at the rate expression: Answer: | | rate = -1/2 (Δ[H2O])/(Δt) = -(Δ[CBr4])/(Δt) = (Δ[CO2])/(Δt) = 1/4 (Δ[HBr])/(Δt) (assuming constant volume and no accumulation of intermediates or side products)

| water | carbon tetrabromide | carbon dioxide | hydrogen bromide formula | H_2O | CBr_4 | CO_2 | HBr Hill formula | H_2O | CBr_4 | CO_2 | BrH name | water | carbon tetrabromide | carbon dioxide | hydrogen bromide

| water | carbon tetrabromide | carbon dioxide | hydrogen bromide molar mass | 18.015 g/mol | 331.63 g/mol | 44.009 g/mol | 80.912 g/mol phase | liquid (at STP) | solid (at STP) | gas (at STP) | gas (at STP) melting point | 0 °C | 89 °C | -56.56 °C (at triple point) | -86.8 °C boiling point | 99.9839 °C | 190 °C | -78.5 °C (at sublimation point) | -66.38 °C density | 1 g/cm^3 | 3.42 g/cm^3 | 0.00184212 g/cm^3 (at 20 °C) | 0.003307 g/cm^3 (at 25 °C) solubility in water | | insoluble | | miscible surface tension | 0.0728 N/m | | | 0.0271 N/m dynamic viscosity | 8.9×10^-4 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 0.00244 Pa s (at 101 °C) | 1.491×10^-5 Pa s (at 25 °C) | 8.4×10^-4 Pa s (at -75 °C) odor | odorless | | odorless |